Sulfur Degassing From Steam‐Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland)

Hasselle, Nathalie; Rouwet, Dmitri; Aiuppa, Alessandro; Jácome-Paz, Mariana Patricia; Pfeffer, M. A.; Taran, Yuri; Campion, Robin; Bitetto, Marcello; Giudice, Gaetano; Bergsson, Baldur

doi:10.1029/2018gl079012

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…In contrast to the less active (e.g., less acidic) volcanic lakes fed by hydrothermal H 2 S only (e.g., Hasselle et al, 2018), the low (typically <1) H 2 S/SO 2 ratios in the Rincón de la Vieja crater lake gas suggest supply of oxidized (SO 2 -dominated) magmatic fluids into the lake system (Christenson et al, 2010;Christenson and Tassi, 2015). Magmatic gases typically display equilibrium H 2 S/SO 2 ratios buffered by redox conditions in the coexisting silicate melt, according to Giggenbach (1987):…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Insights Into the Mechanisms of Phreatic Eruptions From Continuous High Frequency Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

et al. 2019

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Understanding the trigger mechanisms of phreatic eruptions is key to mitigating the effects of these hazardous but poorly forecastable volcanic events. It has recently been established that high-rate volcanic gas observations are potentially very suitable to identifying the source processes driving phreatic eruptions, and to eventually detecting precursory changes prior to individual phreatic blasts. In February-May 2017, we deployed a Multi-GAS instrument to continuously monitor gas concentrations in the crater lake plume of Rincón de la Vieja, a remote and poorly monitored active volcano in Costa Rica, site of frequent phreatic/phreatomagmatic eruptions. Forty-two phreatic/phreatomagmatic eruptions were seismically recorded during our investigated period, 9 of which were also recorded for gas by the Multi-GAS. To the best of our knowledge, these represent the first instrumentally measured gas compositions during individual phreatic/phreatomagmatic explosions at an active volcano. Our results show that during background quiescent degassing the Rincón de la Vieja crater lake plume was characterized by high CO 2 /SO 2 ratios of 64 ± 59 and H 2 S/SO 2 ratios of 0.57 ± 0.20. This composition is interpreted as reflecting hydrothermal (re)processing of magma-sourced gas in the sub-limnic environment. Phreatic blasts were recorded by the Multi-GAS as brief (1-2 min long) pulses of elevated gas mixing ratios (up to ∼52 ppmv SO 2 and >3,000 ppmv CO 2 ), or more than an order of magnitude higher than during background degassing (∼1 ppmv SO 2 and ∼450 ppmv CO 2 ). During the phreatic eruption(s), the H 2 S/SO 2 ratio was systematically lower (<0.18) than during background degassing, but the CO 2 /SO 2 ratio remained high (and variable), ranging from 37 to 390. These S-poor compositions for the eruptive gas imply extensive processing of the source magmatic gas during pre-eruptive hydrothermal storage, likely by deposition of native S and/or sulfate. Our gas results are thus overall consistent with a mechanism of phreatic eruptions Battaglia et al.Volcanic Gases During Phreatic Eruptions triggered by accumulation of magmatic-hydrothermal gases beneath a hydrothermal seal. We claim that real-time Multi-GAS monitoring is urgently needed at other crater lake-hosting volcanoes (e.g., Ruapehu, Aso), where phreatic eruptions may similarly be preceded by phases of reduced S degassing at the surface.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Insights Into the Mechanisms of Phreatic Eruptions From Continuous High Frequency Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

et al. 2019

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“…The highest CO2/H2S ratios (>400) are detected near the southwestern steep-walled shore of Fangaia (Figures 5c and 8). A recent study [9] argued that the oxidation state and chemical composition of the gas-receiving lake (El Chichón crater lake in their case) is decisive in the degree of H 2 S scrubbing. The very small size of Fangaia, the well-located degassing vents, and the shallow nature of the basin enable a clear differentiation in the response to H 2 S scrubbing with respect to the inert CO 2 along the lake surface.…”

Section: Co 2 and H 2 S Concentrations And Co 2 /H 2 S Ratiosmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hot and acidic crater lakes and pools are characterized by evaporation and degassing [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]. At pH < 3.8, thermal waters are chemically transparent to CO 2 , enabling research to trace this deep magmatic marker inside a degassing crater despite the intervening hydrothermal system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CO2 and H2S Degassing at Fangaia Mud Pool, Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy): Origin and Dynamics of the Pool Basin

et al. 2020

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The Fangaia mud pool provides a “window” into the hydrothermal system underlying the degassing Solfatara crater, which is the most active volcanic centre inside the restless Campi Flegrei caldera, Southern Italy. The present study aimed at unravelling the degassing dynamics of CO2 and H2S flushing through the pH 1.2 steam-heated Fangaia mud pool, an ideal field laboratory as a proxy of an active crater lake. Our results from MultiGAS measurements above Fangaia’s surface show that H2S scrubbing, demonstrated by high CO2/H2S ratios, was most efficient in the portions of the basin affected by diffusive degassing. Convective bubbling degassing instead was the most effective mechanism to release gas in quantitative terms, with lower CO2/H2S ratios, similar to the Solfatara crater fumaroles, the high-T end member of the hydrothermal system. Unsurprisingly, total estimated CO2 and H2S fluxes from the small Fangaia pool (~184 m2 in June 2017) were at least two orders of magnitude lower (CO2 flux < 64 t/d, H2S flux < 0.5 t/d) than the total CO2 flux of the Campi Flegrei caldera (up to 3000 t/d for CO2), too low to affect the gas budget for the caldera, and hence volcano monitoring routines. Given the role of the rising gas as “sediment stirrer”, the physical and chemical processes behind gas migration through a mud pool are arguably the creating processes giving origin to Fangaia. Follow-up studies of this so far unique campaign will help to better understand the fast dynamics of this peculiar degassing feature.

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The crater lake of Ilamatepec (Santa Ana) volcano, El Salvador: insights into lake gas composition and implications for monitoring

Hasselle

Montalvo²,

Rouwet

et al. 2019

Bull Volcanol

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Sulfur Degassing From Steam‐Heated Crater Lakes: El Chichón (Chiapas, Mexico) and Víti (Iceland)

Cited by 7 publications

References 47 publications

Insights Into the Mechanisms of Phreatic Eruptions From Continuous High Frequency Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

Insights Into the Mechanisms of Phreatic Eruptions From Continuous High Frequency Volcanic Gas Monitoring: Rincón de la Vieja Volcano, Costa Rica

CO2 and H2S Degassing at Fangaia Mud Pool, Solfatara, Campi Flegrei (Italy): Origin and Dynamics of the Pool Basin

The crater lake of Ilamatepec (Santa Ana) volcano, El Salvador: insights into lake gas composition and implications for monitoring

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