SUMO E3 ligase AtMMS21 is required for normal meiosis and gametophyte development in Arabidopsis

NaCl (abiotic stress). Its expression increased fivefold in the first hour and then an interactome analysis indicated that OsSUV3 plays an important role in other pathways [18]. These are some examples that show the connection among the DNA repair machinery, stress tolerance, and the ROS production ( Figure 2) [11][12][13][14][15]."Omics" are a powerful tool to identify genes/proteins/metabolites that are involved in the plant response to a specific stress and/or to a DNA repair pathway [19]. Besides, transgenic and mutant plants are also helping in the gene characterization function. The data have shown that plant response is more complicated than previously thought. Not only is the presence of transcript (tissue or time presence) important, but also the signals are important for gene regulation, post-translation modifications (ubiquitination or sumolation), protein degradation, and protein targeting. All these may change when plants are exposed to different environmental conditions [19][20][21][22][23]. Furthermore, the next generation sequence data have shown that the signal transduction pathways actually form a network and the different networks are interconnected [24][25]. miRNAs have also been connected as a key factor for plant response to the stress and tolerance mechanism [25-28].Considering the importance of the plants for food production, it is important to identify which genes/proteins/pathways are involved in these different mechanisms. This knowledge is important for plant breeders to produce new cultivars [17,28]. Moreover, considering all that was explained above, plants are an interesting model to study stresses and DNA repair ( Figure 2) due their sessile condition, genome plasticity, and the fact that these organisms do not have a germinative cell lineage. The apical meristem cells (shoot or root) suffer division continually during plant development and then genome integrity is extremely important [2]. Then, this chapter will focus on DNA repair pathways in plants.This figure illustrates different abiotic factors such as drought, heavy metals, light, heat, ozone, lack of nutrients, cold, freezing, etc. Plants are able to perceive these different conditions or signals (on the right side) and then promote different molecular and physiological responses, which involve changes in gene expression, protein translation, post-translation modifications, degradation, epigenetic changes, and miRNAs. All these together produce a plant response that helps plants to tolerate this stress condition. Represented on the left side are the effects of an imbalance of ROS in DNA repair and the different DNA repair and genes that are involved in these different processes. The DNA repair presented in this figure includes mismatch repair (MMR), excision repair (NER and BER), and double strand breaks (HR and NHEJ).

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“…It was verified that mms21 mutants had a disrupted meiosis. All this data support the role of AtMMS21 in the HR repair pathway [162][163].…”

Section: Homologous Recombination (Hr)supporting

confidence: 79%

Recent Advances in Plant DNA Repair

Medeiros¹,

deMedeiros²,

Silva³

et al. 2015

Advances in DNA Repair

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“…This phenotype may reflect the limited role of MUS81 in meiosis in C. elegans (Bellendir and Sekelsky 2013). In Arabidopsis, analysis of an mms21 mutant reveals phenotypes consistent with defective joint molecule processing including anaphase bridges, chromosome missegregation, and fragmentation (Liu et al 2014a). In mammals, SMC5/6 localizes to synaptonemal complex, consistent with a role in meiotic recombination (Gomez et al 2013;Verver et al 2014), but mutant analysis is currently lacking.…”

Section: Slx4-associated Endonucleases and The Gen1/yen1 Resolvasementioning

confidence: 99%

Meiotic Recombination: The Essence of Heredity

Hunter

2015

Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol

694

869

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The study of homologous recombination has its historical roots in meiosis. In this context, recombination occurs as a programmed event that culminates in the formation of crossovers, which are essential for accurate chromosome segregation and create new combinations of parental alleles. Thus, meiotic recombination underlies both the independent assortment of parental chromosomes and genetic linkage. This review highlights the features of meiotic recombination that distinguish it from recombinational repair in somatic cells, and how the molecular processes of meiotic recombination are embedded and interdependent with the chromosome structures that characterize meiotic prophase. A more in-depth review presents our understanding of how crossover and noncrossover pathways of meiotic recombination are differentiated and regulated. The final section of this review summarizes the studies that have defined defective recombination as a leading cause of pregnancy loss and congenital disease in humans. MEIOSIS AND THE ROOTS OF RECOMBINATION RESEARCHT he concept of recombination emerged during the early 20th century, following the post-Mendel era of heredity research. Thomas Hunt Morgan's formal theory of gene linkage and crossing-over (Morgan 1913) was a synthesis of three key concepts: "the chromosome theory of inheritance," imparted by Wilhelm Roux, Walther Flemming, Theodor Boveri, and Walter Sutton; "gene linkage," an exception to Mendel's law of independent assortment, first reported by Carl Correns; and the "chiasmatype theory," derived from Frans Janssens' cytological observations of meiotic chromosomes. The first proof of the crossover theory came from Harriet Creighton and Barbara McClintock (Creighton and McClintock 1931), who were able to correlate cytological and genetic exchanges in maize.Experiments aimed at understanding the mechanism of meiotic recombination became dominated by fungal genetics because of the huge advantage afforded by being able to recover all four meiotic products. These elegant studies culminated in four key concepts that formed the foundation of molecular models of recombination: gene conversion, an exception to Mendel's principle of segregation, signaled a local nonreciprocal transfer of genetic information (Winkler 1930;Lindergren 1953;Mitchell 1955); postmeiotic segregation (PMS) indicated the presence of heteroduplex DNA (Olive 1959;Kitani et al. 1962) (Lissouba and Rizet 1960;Murray 1960); and the strong correlation between gene conversion/ PMS events and crossing-over led to the proposal that these processes were mechanistically linked (Kitani et al. 1962;Perkins 1962;Whitehouse 1963). MOLECULAR MODELS OF MEIOTIC RECOMBINATIONHolliday's classic model reconciled gene conversion, PMS, and crossing-over into a single mechanism with the key features of hybrid (heteroduplex) DNA formed via strand exchange, mismatch correction of hybrid DNA to yield gene conversion, and a four-way exchange junction that could be resolved to yield either crossover or noncrossover duplex products (Holliday...

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“…The Arabidopsis MMS21 encodes a SUMO E3 ligase, which is highly conserved in eukaryotes and essential for DNA repair and chromosome stability (Liu et al , ). The mutation of MMS21 in Arabidopsis caused dwarfism and semi‐sterility with short siliques and few seeds per silique, due to defect in gametogenesis (Liu et al , ). The Arabidopsis STERILE APETALA ( SAP ) encodes an F‐box protein that is involved in SCF (Skp1/Cullin/F‐box) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, which can promote meristemoid cells proliferation to control organ size by interacting with and targeting PPD proteins for degradation (Wang et al , ).…”

Section: Ubiquitin‐proteasome Pathwaymentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic and signalling pathways of dry fruit size: targets for genome editing‐based crop improvement

Hussain

Shi

Scheben

et al. 2020

Plant Biotechnology Journal

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Summary Fruit is seed‐bearing structures specific to angiosperm that form from the gynoecium after flowering. Fruit size is an important fitness character for plant evolution and an agronomical trait for crop domestication/improvement. Despite the functional and economic importance of fruit size, the underlying genes and mechanisms are poorly understood, especially for dry fruit types. Improving our understanding of the genomic basis for fruit size opens the potential to apply gene‐editing technology such as CRISPR/Cas to modulate fruit size in a range of species. This review examines the genes involved in the regulation of fruit size and identifies their genetic/signalling pathways, including the phytohormones, transcription and elongation factors, ubiquitin‐proteasome and microRNA pathways, G‐protein and receptor kinases signalling, arabinogalactan and RNA‐binding proteins. Interestingly, different plant taxa have conserved functions for various fruit size regulators, suggesting that common genome edits across species may have similar outcomes. Many fruit size regulators identified to date are pleiotropic and affect other organs such as seeds, flowers and leaves, indicating a coordinated regulation. The relationships between fruit size and fruit number/seed number per fruit/seed size, as well as future research questions, are also discussed.

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SUMO E3 ligase AtMMS21 is required for normal meiosis and gametophyte development in Arabidopsis

Cited by 53 publications

References 53 publications

Recent Advances in Plant DNA Repair

Recent Advances in Plant DNA Repair

Meiotic Recombination: The Essence of Heredity

Genetic and signalling pathways of dry fruit size: targets for genome editing‐based crop improvement

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