2015
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-310266
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Sun exposure is an environmental factor for the development of blepharospasm

Abstract: The increase in the blepharospasm: cervical dystonia case ratio with decreasing latitude and increasing insolation suggests that sunlight exposure is an environmental risk factor for the development of blepharospasm (rather than cervical dystonia) in individuals genetically susceptible to adult-onset dystonia.

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Cited by 22 publications
(20 citation statements)
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“…Evidence for this theory comes from several observations:

Photophobia is an almost universal complaint in blepharospasm (84). Sun exposure has even been postulated to be a risk factor for blepharospasm given that the ratio of blepharospasm to cervical dystonia patients in movement disorders cohorts varies by season and latitude (85). Many patients report that exposure to bright light triggers spasms of eyelid closure and polarized sunglasses can be a useful adjunctive treatment (86).

…”
Section: Blepharospasmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Evidence for this theory comes from several observations:

Photophobia is an almost universal complaint in blepharospasm (84). Sun exposure has even been postulated to be a risk factor for blepharospasm given that the ratio of blepharospasm to cervical dystonia patients in movement disorders cohorts varies by season and latitude (85). Many patients report that exposure to bright light triggers spasms of eyelid closure and polarized sunglasses can be a useful adjunctive treatment (86).

…”
Section: Blepharospasmmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…It seems to be the resulting force of a complex network of genetic, epigenetic and environmental vectors. Penetrance is the result of adding individual vectors 6,27,28,29,30 . Sensory abnormalities may drive dystonia, as well as somatosensory receptive fields being abnormally enlarged and disorganized in patients, with sensitive stimuli modulating dystonic movement.…”
Section: Commentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Sunlight exposure has been linked to a higher risk factor for the development of blepharospasm. It has been hypothesized that high insolation induces excessive blinking and this overuse results in sustained orbicularis oculii spasms 30 . Repetitive highly-skilled manual performance may be associated with the development of focal hand dystonia 31 .…”
mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Распространенность пер-вичной дистонии, по разным данным, варьируется от 30 до 7320 случаев на 1 млн [2][3][4][5][6]. Такой широкий разброс данных можно объяснить генетической гетеро-генностью и влиянием условий окру-жающей среды [7,8]. Пациенты с бле-фароспазмом, например, чаще встре-чаются в южных регионах с высоким уровнем инсоляции [7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15].…”
unclassified
“…Такой широкий разброс данных можно объяснить генетической гетеро-генностью и влиянием условий окру-жающей среды [7,8]. Пациенты с бле-фароспазмом, например, чаще встре-чаются в южных регионах с высоким уровнем инсоляции [7,[9][10][11][12][13][14][15]. Возраст является независимым фактором риска развития краниальной дистонии, средний возраст начала за-болевания -50-60 лет [16][17][18] [17,18,20, 21].…”
unclassified