Sun Protection for Children: A Review

Abstract

Chronic ultraviolet exposure results in premature skin aging (photoaging), dyspigmentation, sallow color, textural changes, loss of elasticity, and premalignant actinic keratoses. UVB radiation is mainly responsible for acute damages such as sunburn, and long-term damage including melanoma. Today the sun's ultraviolet radiation (UVR) induced skin cancer is a major issue worldwide. History of sun exposure and sunburns are the most important behavioral risks. Childhood sun exposure is considered as a substantial risk because a child's skin has a thinner stratum corneum, lower levels of protective melanin, and a higher surface area to body-mass-ratio. Thus, protection against UVR in childhood is essential. Research has shown that people who have had a sunburn in childhood or were in the sun unprotected are more likely to have skin cancer. In this article, we review the literature to address the protection of children against sun and skin cancer.

Current practice and beliefs of parents toward sunscreen use for their children: A cross-sectional study

“…Children who have thinner skin and less protective melanin are especially at risk of the immediate and long-term harmful effects of excessive exposure to UVR ( Shafie Pour et al, 2015 ). Several strategies are used to protect children, including avoiding the sun, especially during noon, seeking shades, wearing hats and long-sleeved shirts, and sunscreen use ( Ackermann et al, 2016 , Dobbinson et al, 2012 ).…”

Formulation and Characterization of Carbopol-934 Based Kojic Acid-Loaded Smart Nanocrystals: A Solubility Enhancement Approach

“…There was no sign of phase separation in formulations F1 to F3 after storage for more than 2 months; F4 and F5 were unstable. The optimized formulations (F1-F3) were clear and uniform, without signs of separation or any other unpredictability during the preparation process and selected for further analysis [ 17 ].…”

“…The high drug content showed that the drug had been precisely loaded into the formulation and had little degradation and few handling errors. Based on its stability, drug content and entrapment efficiency, F3 was considered the optimal formulation and was tested further for various characterization [ 17 ].…”

“…No characteristic KA peak is seen in the spectrum of the FTIR formula. The absence of characteristic drug peaks is the main indicator of successful drug insertion into the core of nanocrystalline preparations [ 17 ]. No changes in the characteristic peaks related to the C-O and C-C groups of KA were detected by ATR-FTIR on the basis of the physical mixture of KA, i.e., KA-loaded nanocrystals.…”

A pendant peptide endows a sunscreen with water-resistance

“…UV radiation is divided into three types, based on wavelength: A, B, and C. Type C is blocked by atmospheric ozone, but UVA (320–400 nm) and UVB (290–320 nm) can penetrate human skin and damage DNA and other biomolecules. 3,4,11,12 Hence, sunscreens contain molecular “filters” to absorb UVA and UVB radiation. 16,17 Typical filters are small aromatic compounds, such as salicylates, cinnamates, benzophenones, or derivatives of p -aminobenzoic acid.…”