Sunscreen Application, Safety, and Sun Protection: The Evidence

Li, Heidi; Colantonio, Sophia; Dawson, Andrea E.; Lin, Xiaoqin; Beecker, Jennifer

doi:10.1177/1203475419856611

Cited by 66 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 75 publications

(122 reference statements)

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“…An SPF of >30 was used by most students (59%) in our study. is is in agreement with the current recommendations of using sunscreen with an SPF of at least 30 [14]. Standard testing of SPF in sunscreens is done using a thickness of 2 mg/cm 2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…In fact, several recent studies demonstrated that higher SPF sunscreens provided more protection [16][17][18]. Water-resistant sunscreen with a water-in-oil formulation (such as thick creams) provides better protection [14]. Although only some students used water-resistant sunscreen, a cream formulation was the most common in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…Both of them can cause harmful skin effects with long-term exposure [13]. Good sunscreen should have broad-spectrum protection against both UVA and UVB [14]. e majority of students in our study did not know if the sunscreen they use has broad-spectrum coverage or not.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

“…More than half of sunscreen users applied it less than 10 minutes before going out. e current recommendation is to apply it 15-30 minutes before sun exposure [14,19]. Sunscreens were applied mainly to the face and hands in our study population.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approximately 30 mL of sunscreen (2-3 tablespoons) is required to effectively cover the whole body [13]. e amount of sunscreen that is considered sufficient to cover the face and neck is approximately 1-2 teaspoons [13,14]. More than 90% of our study population applied ≤ 0.5 teaspoon.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Sunscreen Use among a Population of Saudi University Students

AlJasser

Aljumah

Alzaydi

et al. 2020

Dermatology Research and Practice

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Introduction. Sunscreen is an important method of sun protection. Many studies were conducted worldwide on the use of sunscreen but only few done in Saudi Arabia. e aim of our study is to assess the prevalence, practices, and factors associated with sunscreen use among Saudi university students. Materials and Methods. A cross-sectional study was performed at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A questionnaire on the use of sunscreen was created in English. Quota sampling technique was used since the sample was divided according to gender and college year. Results. A total of 1,011 students were enrolled. Approximately half were males (n � 510). Half of the students used sunscreen (n � 515, 51%). Female gender, high family income, previous history of sunburn, tanning bed use, and use of other sun protection methods were factors independently associated with sunscreen use. e main reasons for using sunscreen were prevention of sunburns, dark spots, skin cancer, and overall skin darkening. Eighty percent of participants used other methods of sun protection. Sunscreen with a sun protection factor (SPF) > 30 was used in 59% of students. However, the majority did not know if the sunscreen they use provided broad-spectrum coverage or not. Only 35% of students apply sunscreen in both sunny and cloudy days. Most students apply sunscreen less than 10 minutes before going out and do not repeat the application throughout the day. More than 90% of students seem to apply insufficient amount of sunscreen. Conclusion. Almost half of the population in the study use sunscreen. We have identified several areas of improper use of sunscreen. Increasing the awareness of effective sunscreen use in our community might be needed.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 56%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Sunscreen Use among a Population of Saudi University Students

AlJasser

Aljumah

Alzaydi

et al. 2020

Dermatology Research and Practice

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An evaluation of the course of facial sunscreen coverage and sustainability over an 8‐hour workday among outdoor workers

Kobwanthanakun

Silpa‐archa

Wongpraparut

et al. 2021

Health Science Reports

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Background Reapplication of sunscreen every 2 hours is recommended, especially after swimming, sweating, or working outdoors. However, the sustainability of sunscreen during the workday among outdoor workers is still unclear. Objective To evaluate the course of facial sunscreen coverage and sustainability over an 8‐hour workday among outdoor workers. Materials and Methods This open‐label trial included 20 healthy subjects who spend at least 80% of their workday outdoors. All volunteers applied 2 mg/cm 2 of provided broad‐spectrum sunscreen mixed with the invisible blue fluorescent agent to all parts of their face in the morning. A VISIA‐CR camera was used to capture facial fluorescence intensity every 2 hours, and digital image analysis software was used to quantify fluorescence intensity at six areas of the face at each time point for 8 hours. Results Sunscreen coverage declined most rapidly during the first 2 hours with a mean reduction of 18.31%. By the end of the 8‐hour study workday, the mean decrease in sunscreen coverage was 31.63% (range: 17.39%‐45.29%). Conclusion Reapplication of sunscreen is essential among outdoor workers. After 4 hours, the amount of sunscreen remaining on the face may not be sufficient for protecting the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

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Toxicity assessment and detection of benzene extracted from wastewater by saponin biosurfactant using luminescence biosensor

Hajimohammadi

Johari-Ahar

Namin

2021

J Surfact & Detergents

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In this research, benzene, a toxic compound encountered in industrial wastewater, was extracted using a mixture of saponin and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as anionic surfactants. Also, a biosensor system for assessment of toxicity and detection of extracted benzene was designed using the Luc strains of luminescent Escherichia coli. Results showed saponin and SDS were synergistic for the extraction of benzene. An optimal hydrophilic-lipophilic balance value for extraction was determined to be about 24.1, representing a mixture of 40 wt% SDS and 60% saponin. Under optimal conditions, the concentration of extracted benzene in extraction phase reached 27 ppm. When extracted benzene solution was injected into the biosensor system, the luminescence level of biosensor decreased dramatically, reflecting toxicity. The concentration of benzene in the extracted solution correlated well with toxicity levels measured by the biosensor system. Using the luminescence biosensor system, the halfmaximal effective concentration (EC 50 ) value of benzene was about 26.2 ppm. Our results demonstrate that the designed biosensor system has good sensitivity for toxicity assessment of extracted benzene, and therefore can be proposed as an approach to detect of benzene and other toxic compounds in wastewater.

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Sunscreen Application, Safety, and Sun Protection: The Evidence

Cited by 66 publications

References 75 publications

Sunscreen Use among a Population of Saudi University Students

Sunscreen Use among a Population of Saudi University Students

An evaluation of the course of facial sunscreen coverage and sustainability over an 8‐hour workday among outdoor workers

Toxicity assessment and detection of benzene extracted from wastewater by saponin biosurfactant using luminescence biosensor

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