Superconducting single-photon detectors designed for operation at 1.55-µm telecommunication wavelength

Milostnaya, I.; Korneev, A.; Rubtsova, I.; Seleznev, V.; Minaeva, Olga; Chulkova, G.; Okunev, O.; Voronov, B.; Smirnov, K.; Gol’tsman, G.; Słysz, W.; Węgrzecki, M.; Guziewicz, M.; Bar, Jan; Górska, M.; Pearlman, Aaron; Kitaygorsky, J.; Cross, A.; Sobolewski, Roman

doi:10.1088/1742-6596/43/1/326

Cited by 11 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Early works discussed the effects of fill factor and film thickness . Milostnaya et al . then improved the DE thanks to the introduction of cavities, while Rosfjord et al .…”

Section: Intrinsic Properties and Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Superconducting Nanowires for Single‐Photon Detection: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2019

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Single-photon detectors and nanoscale superconducting devices are two major candidates for realizing quantum technologies. Superconducting-nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) comprise these two solid-state and optic aspects enabling high-rate (1.3 Gb s −1 ) quantum key distribution over long distances (>400 km), long-range quantum communication (>1200 km), as well as space communication (239 000 miles). The attractiveness of SNSPDs stems from competitive performance in the four single-photon relevant characteristics at wavelengths ranges from UV to the mid-IR: high detection efficiency, low false-signal rate, low uncertainty in photon time arrival, and fast reset time. However, to date, these characteristics cannot be optimized simultaneously. In this review, the mechanisms that govern these four characteristics are presented, and it is demonstrated how they are affected by material properties and device design as well as by the operating conditions, allowing aware optimization of SNSPDs. Based on the evolution in the existing literature and state of the art, it is proposed how to choose or design the material and device for optimizing SNSPD performance, while possible future opportunities in the SNSPD technology are also highlighted.

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“…Early works discussed the effects of fill factor and film thickness . Milostnaya et al . then improved the DE thanks to the introduction of cavities, while Rosfjord et al .…”

Section: Intrinsic Properties and Functionalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Superconducting Nanowires for Single‐Photon Detection: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

2019

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“…The nanowire section available for the superconducting current is thus reduced and the critical current density is locally exceeded. Hence the entire stripe section becomes normal and an easily measurable voltage pulse (mV) is generated before the NbN superconductivity is restored [21].…”

Section: Superconducting Detectorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High coherence photon pair source for quantum communication

Halder¹,

Beveratos²,

Thew³

et al. 2008

New J. Phys.

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This paper reports a novel single mode source of narrow-band entangled photon pairs at telecom wavelengths under continuous wave excitation, based on parametric down conversion. For only 7 mW of pump power it has a created spectral radiance of 0.08 pairs per coherence length and a bandwidth of 10 pm (1.2 GHz). The effectively emitted spectral brightness reaches 3.9 * 10 5 pairs s −1 pm −1 . Furthermore, when combined with low jitter single photon detectors, such sources allow for the implementation of quantum communication protocols without any active synchronization or path length stabilization. A HOM-Dip with photons from two autonomous CW sources has been realized demonstrating the setup's stability and performance.

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“…The photon that takes output port 1 is detected by a niobium nitride (NbN) superconducting singlephoton detector (SSPD) 19 with a time resolution t d = 74 ps. The photon in output port 2 is detected by an InGaAs singlephoton avalanche diode (APD, t d = 105 ps) triggered by the detection in the SSPD.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Entangling independent photons by time measurement

et al. 2007

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Entanglement is at the heart of quantum physics, both for its conceptual foundations and for applications in quantum communication. Remarkably, entanglement can be 'swapped': if we prepare two independent entangled pairs A1-A2 and B1-B2, a joint measurement on A1 and B1 (called a 'Bellstate measurement', BSM) has the effect of projecting A2 and B2 onto an entangled state, although these two particles have never interacted nor share any common past 1,2 . Entanglement swapping with photon pairs has already been experimentally demonstrated 3-6 using pulsed sources-where the challenge was to achieve sufficiently sharp synchronization of the photons in the BSM-but never with continuous-wave sources, as originally proposed 2 . Here, we present an experiment where the coherence time of the photons exceeds the temporal resolution of the detectors. Hence, photon timing can be obtained by the detection times, and pulsed sources can be replaced by continuous-wave sources, which do not require any synchronization 6,7 . This allows for the first time the use of completely autonomous sources, an important step towards real-world quantum networks with truly independent and distant nodes.The BSM is the essential element in an entanglement-swapping experiment. Linear optics allows the realization of only a partial BSM 8 by coupling the two incoming modes on a beam splitter and observing a suitable detection pattern in the outgoing modes. Such a measurement is successful in at most 50% of the cases. Still, a successful partial BSM entangles two photons that were, up to then, independent. The physics behind this realization is the bosonic character of photons. It is therefore crucial that the two incoming photons are indistinguishable: they must be identical in their spectral, spatial, polarization and temporal modes at the beam splitter; spectral overlap is achieved by the use of similar filters, spatial overlap by the use of single-mode optical fibres and polarization is matched by a polarization controller. In addition, the temporal resolution must be unambiguous: detection at a time t ± t d , where t d is the temporal resolution of the detector, must single out a unique time mode. In previous experiments, synchronized pulsed sources created both of the photons at the same time and path lengths had to be matched to obtain the required temporal overlap. The pulse length, that is, the coherence length of the photons, was τ c t d (typically τ c < 1 ps), but two subsequent pulses were separated by more than t d (ref. 9). The drawback of such a realization is that the two sources cannot be totally autonomous, because of the indispensable synchronization. For the case where τ c > t d (ref. 10), the detectors always single out a unique time mode. As a benefit, we can give up the pulsed character of the sources and the synchronization between them. By implementing this, we realize for the first time the entanglement swapping scheme as originally proposed in ref. 2.The experimental scheme is shown in Fig. 1. Each of the two nonlinear cr...

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Superconducting single-photon detectors designed for operation at 1.55-µm telecommunication wavelength

Cited by 11 publications

References 6 publications

Superconducting Nanowires for Single‐Photon Detection: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

Superconducting Nanowires for Single‐Photon Detection: Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities

High coherence photon pair source for quantum communication

Entangling independent photons by time measurement

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