Superheated steam injection as primary measure to improve producer gas quality from biomass air gasification in an autothermal pilot-scale gasifier

Carbon neutral methanol from pulp mills towards full energy decarbonization: an inside perspective and critical review

“…The obtained PG can be used in various applications including thermal power generation or biofuel and biochemical syntheses. 131–134 However, due to some drawbacks, such as high tar (mixture of highly aromatic organic compounds 135 ) content 136 and low H 2 /CO ratio, 137,138 the raw PG is only suitable for thermal applications ( e.g. , lime kilns and boilers) and cannot be used directly for methanol synthesis.…”

“…In fact, in a Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) plants (Table 4), methanol production is performed by direct hydrogenation of syngas (R3, section 2.1), which requires specific stoichiometric ratios ( R SR , eqn (1)) of around 2, 7,139 with higher values being beneficial for the kinetics. 140 However, the raw PG from biomass gasification has high contents of CO 2 and CO, and R SR is usually between −0.3 and 0.7, 6,137 depending on the gasifying agent used in the conversion process, consequently requiring CO 2 separation and potential external H 2 addition.…”

“…Regarding the gasification pathway (P2), it is difficult to estimate the price of methanol, as it is highly dependent on the feedstock and processes involved, 97,137,142 but it is estimated to be generally cheaper than the e-methanol route (P1). However, despite PG from gasification being recognized as a promising feedstock for the synthesis of bioproducts, large-scale gasification plants still entail risks, such as a general lack of technology maturity and proven cost-efficiency, and insufficient biomass availability and associated sustainability concerns.…”

“…The obtained PG can be used in various applications including thermal power generation or biofuel and biochemical syntheses. [131][132][133][134] However, due to some drawbacks, such as high tar (mixture of highly aromatic organic compounds 135 ) content 136 and low H 2 /CO ratio, 137,138 the raw PG is only suitable for thermal applications (e.g., lime kilns and boilers) and cannot be used directly for methanol synthesis. In fact, in a Biomass-to-Liquid (BtL) plants (Table 4), methanol production is performed by direct hydrogenation of syngas (R3, section 2.1), which requires specific stoichiometric ratios (R SR , eqn (1)) of around 2, 7,139 with higher values being beneficial for the kinetics.…”

“…Besides, it is acknowledged that green H 2 must avoid the cannibalization of available renewable electricity in the grid, and this is reflected under the imposed necessity of new renewable assets in the additionality criteria being delineated in the latest EU Delegated Act, which approaches the renewable electricity requirements to produce renewable fuels. 36 Regarding the gasification pathway (P2), it is difficult to estimate the price of methanol, as it is highly dependent on the feedstock and processes involved, 97,137,142 but it is estimated to be generally cheaper than the e-methanol route (P1). However, despite PG from gasification being recognized as a promising feedstock for the synthesis of bioproducts, largescale gasification plants still entail risks, such as a general lack of technology maturity and proven cost-efficiency, and insufficient biomass availability and associated sustainability concerns.…”