Superstitious behavior for food and water in the rat

Reberg, Douglas; Mann, Barbara; Innis, Nancy K.

doi:10.1016/0031-9384(77)90318-3

Cited by 25 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Although there are strong indications that Staddon's account does not apply to all reinforcers (Reberg, Innis, Mann, & Eizenga, 1978;Reberg, Mann, & Innis, 1977), it appears to be an accurate description of activities in periodic food schedules.…”

Section: Interpretation and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The dipper was used to present about .05 g of hulled millet seed. Previous research in this laboratory (e.g., Reberg, Mann, & Innis, 1977) has demonstrated that liquid dippers are suitable for presenting such granular reinforcers. The dipper was used in this experiment to prevent rats from "saving" food pellets for later consumption in a way that might affect the temporal parameters of the schedule (Staddon, 1977, p. 135).…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Reinforcing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of interim drinking

Reberg

1980

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Four pairs of rats were studied in a yoked control design intended to determine if an interim activity (schedule-induced drinking) was sensitive to operant contingencies. Food was always presented on a fixed-time 30-sec schedule. Additionally, a positive or negative operant contingency was in effect during the first 6 sec of each interval. The positive (drink/food) contingency produced an extra food presentation at the 6th second of an interval if the lead rat drank at least once in the first 6 sec. The negative (no-drink/food) contingency produced an extra food presentation only if the lead rat did not drink in the first 6 sec. Two pairs of rats were first exposed to the positive contingency and then to the negative contingency. Two pairs received training in the reverse order. In drink/food training, all lead rats developed patterns of drinking that produced extra food presentations in most intervals. There were some indications that the positive contingency facilitated early acquisition of drinking, but the yoked rats eventually developed temporal distributions and asymptotic levels of drinking comparable to those that occurred in lead rats. In no-drink/food training, the two lead rats initially exposed to the positive contingency showed high levels of drinking inappropriate to the negative contingency, but the two lead rats initially exposed to the negative contingency showed appropriately low levels of drinking. The latter effects seem attributable to the no-drink/food contingency. 120

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Section: Interpretation and Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 98%

Reinforcing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of interim drinking

Reberg

1980

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…They, together with Timberlake and Grant (1975), conclude that a biologically preorganized behavior system is conditioned to the CS, and those responses in the behavior system that are "released" or "elicited and supported" by the CS constitute the autoshaped response. Further, in higher order autoshaping experiments (Burt Sc Westbrook, 1980;Holland, 1977; Leyland, 1977;Nairne & Rescorla, 1981;Rashotte, 1981;Rashotte, Griffin, & Sisk, 1977;Rescorla, 1980 (Anderson & Shettleworth, 1977;Hurshman Sc Moore, 1976;Reberg, Mann, & Innis, 1977;Staddon, 1977). In second-order conditioning when both first-order and second-order stimuli were presented on the same key, the second-order CS showed sensitivity to the current value of the first-order CS.…”

Section: Autoshapingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

Buzsáki

1982

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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The goal of this review is to compare two divergent lines of research on signal-centered behavior: the orienting reflex (OR) and autoshaping. A review of conditioning experiments in animals and humans suggests that the novelty hypothesis of the OR is no longer tenable. Only stimuli that represent biological "relevance" elicit ORs. A stimulus may be relevant a priori (i.e., unconditioned) or as a result of conditioning. Exposure to a conditioned stimulus (CS) that predicts a positive reinforcer causes the animal to orient to it throughout conditioning. Within the CS-US interval, the initial CS-directed orienting response is followed by US-directed tendencies. Experimental evidence is shown that the development and maintenance of the conditioned OR occur in a similar fashion both in response-independent (classical) and response-dependent (instrumental) paradigms. It is proposed that the conditioned OR and the signal-directed autoshaped response are identical. Signals predicting aversive events repel the subject from the source of the CS. It is suggested that the function of the CS is not only to signal the probability of US occurrence, but also to serve as a spatial cue to guide the animal in the environment.

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“…Among the numerous studies demonstrating differences in behavior patterns between subjects responding for food reinforcement and those responding for water reinforcement (see Hogan & Roper, 1978), several are particularly relevant to radial maze research (Petrinovitch & Bolles, 1954;Reberg, Mann, & Innis, 1977;Timberlake, 1983). These studies indicate that water-deprived subjects tend to return to, or remain near, previously visited water sources, whereas food-deprived subjects tend to move away from previously visited food sources.…”

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confidence: 99%

Variations in radial maze performance under different levels of food and water deprivation

Dale

Roberts

1986

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Four groups of rats were tested on an eight-arm radial maze under a free-choice procedure. The subjects were maintained at either 80% or 100% of their preexperimental free-feeding weights through restricted access to either food or water. Water-deprived subjects received water in the maze; food-deprived subjects received food. Water-deprived subjects learned the task faster than food-deprived subjects. The four groups developed different response patterns. These were measured by the mean transition size, the average angular distance (in 45°units) between consecutively chosen arms. Rats foraging for food and water developed different search strategies, with water-deprived subjects exhibiting lower mean transition sizes. When the subjects were given three consecutive trials, 2 min apart, choice accuracy declined across trials, although performance on the last two trials improved across days. The groups' mean transition sizes remained different, and were constant over trials and days. Thus, the test procedures differentially affected choice accuracy and response patterning.

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Superstitious behavior for food and water in the rat

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Reinforcing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of interim drinking

Reinforcing the occurrence or nonoccurrence of interim drinking

The “Where Is It?” Reflex: Autoshaping the Orienting Response

Variations in radial maze performance under different levels of food and water deprivation

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