Superstructure optimization of an integrated algae biorefinery

Galanopoulos, Christos; Kenkel, Philipp; Zondervan, Edwin

doi:10.1016/j.compchemeng.2019.106530

Cited by 38 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Integrated algae-based biorefineries, on the other hand, have been investigated by Gong and You, Gebreslassi and Galanopoulos et al [16][17][18][19][20]. Gong and You investigated the production of biodiesel (FAME) from bio-oil and methanol, the implementing of biogas production from algae residue, CO 2 separation from biogas as well as subsequent steam reforming, the mixing of synthesis gas with CO 2 and methanol synthesis [17].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gebreslassie et al studied biogas production from algae residue, in combination with biogas upgrading and combustion to produce electricity [20]. Galanopoulos et al optimized an algae refinery integrated with a wheat straw refinery, implementing an additional conversion step of algae residue to bioethanol and levulinic acid [19]. While Gong and You, as well as Gebreslassie, showed that biogas would be utilized to produce required heat and electricity, Galanopoulos showed that integration which results in value-added products can outperform pure energy production [19].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The produced algae are harvested and dewatered. The biomass consists of a considerable amount of bio-oil, which as well as Gebreslassie, showed that biogas would be utilized to produce required heat and electricity, Galanopoulos showed that integration which results in value-added products can outperform pure energy production [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogas Reforming as a Precursor for Integrated Algae Biorefineries: Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis

2021

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Biogas is a significant by-product produced in algae processing and may be used for many different applications, not only as a renewable energy carrier but also as a chemical intermediate in integrated algae-based biorefineries. In this work, the reforming of biogas to H2/CO2 mixtures (referred to as SynFeed) as feed for the direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol is investigated. Two conventional processes, namely steam methane and autothermal reforming, with upstream CO2 separation from raw biogas are compared to novel concepts of direct biogas bi- and tri-reforming. In addition, downstream CO2 separation from SynFeed using the commercial Selexol process to produce pure H2 and CO2 is considered. The results show that upstream CO2 separation with subsequent steam methane reforming is the most economic process, costing 142.48 €/tSynFeed, and taking into consideration the revenue from excess hydrogen. Bi-reforming is the most expensive process, with a cost of 413.44 €/tSynFeed, due to the high demand of raw biogas input. Overall, SynFeed from biogas is more economical than SynFeed from CO2 capture and water electrolysis (464 €/tSynFeed), but is slightly more expensive than using natural gas as an input (107 €/SynFeed). Carbon capture using Selexol comes with costs of 22.58–27.19 €/tCO2, where approximately 50% of the costs are derived from the final CO2 compression.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biogas Reforming as a Precursor for Integrated Algae Biorefineries: Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis

2021

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“…Galanopoulos et al [48] performed techno-economic analysis through the optimization of an integrated algae biorefinery and wheat straw biorefinery (illustrated in Figure 8) to minimize the total cost of biodiesel production. The wheat straw biorefinery supplies wastewater and CO 2 as the medium and nutrient to grow the algae.…”

Section: Mixed-integer Non-linear Programmingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals

et al. 2020

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A petroleum refinery heavily depends on crude oil as its main feedstock to produce liquid fuels and chemicals. In the long term, this unyielding dependency is threatened by the depletion of the crude oil reserve. However, in the short term, its price highly fluctuates due to various factors, such as regional and global security instability causing additional complexity on refinery production planning. The petroleum refining industries are also drawing criticism and pressure due to their direct and indirect impacts on the environment. The exhaust gas emission of automobiles apart from the industrial and power plant emission has been viewed as the cause of global warming. In this sense, there is a need for a feasible, sustainable, and environmentally friendly generation process of fuels and chemicals. The attention turns to the utilization of biomass as a potential feedstock to produce substitutes for petroleum-derived fuels and building blocks for biochemicals. Biomass is abundant and currently is still low in utilization. The biorefinery, a facility to convert biomass into biofuels and biochemicals, is still lacking in competitiveness to a petroleum refinery. An attractive solution that addresses both is by the integration of bio- and petroleum refineries. In this context, the right decision making in the process selection and technologies can lower the investment and operational costs and assure optimum yield. Process optimization based on mathematical programming has been extensively used to conduct techno-economic and sustainability analysis for bio-, petroleum, and the integration of both refineries. This paper provides insights into the context of crude oil and biomass as potential refinery feedstocks. The current optimization status of either bio- or petroleum refineries and their integration is reviewed with the focus on the methods to solve the multi-objective optimization problems. Internal and external uncertain parameters are important aspects in process optimization. The nature of these uncertain parameters and their representation methods in process optimization are also discussed.

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“…Galanopoulos et al combined a biorefinery based on wheat-straw for the production of bioethanol and levulinic acid with an algae-based biorefinery for biodiesel and glycerol production. The integration of wastewater and CO 2 from wheatstraw refinery as a raw material in algae cultivation and the recycling of algae remnant as a raw material for bioethanol production results in a cost reduction of about 40% for open pond cultivation [8]. Niziolek et al investigated the bio-based production of aromatics via methanol amongst others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Renewable Fuels from Integrated Power- and Biomass-to-X Processes: A Superstructure Optimization Study

2022

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This work presents a superstructure optimization study for the production of renewable fuels with a focus on jet fuel. Power-to-X via the methanol (MTJ) and Fischer–Tropsch (FT) route is combined with Biomass-to-X (BtX) via an algae-based biorefinery to an integrated Power- and Biomass-to-X (PBtX) process. Possible integration by algae remnant utilization for H2/CO2 production, wastewater recycling and heat integration is included. Modeling is performed using the novel Open sUperstrucTure moDeling and OptimizatiOn fRamework (OUTDOOR). Novel methods to account for advanced mass balances and uncertain input data are included. Economic optimization proposes a PBtX process. This process combines algae processing with MTJ and depicts a highly mass- and energy integrated plant. It produces fuels at 211 EUR/MWhLHV (ca. 2530 EUR/t), a cost reduction of 21% to 11.5% compared to stand-alone electricity- or bio-based production at algae costs of 25 EUR/tAlgae-sludge and electricity costs of 72 EUR/MWh. Investigation of uncertain data indicates that a combination of BtX and MTJ is economically superior to FT for a wide parameter range. Only for high algae costs of >40 EUR/tAlgae-sludge stand-alone electricity-based MTJ is economically superior and for high MTJ costs above 2000–2400 EUR/tJet FT is the optimal option.

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Superstructure optimization of an integrated algae biorefinery

Cited by 38 publications

References 15 publications

Biogas Reforming as a Precursor for Integrated Algae Biorefineries: Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis

Biogas Reforming as a Precursor for Integrated Algae Biorefineries: Simulation and Techno-Economic Analysis

Insight into the Sustainable Integration of Bio- and Petroleum Refineries for the Production of Fuels and Chemicals

Renewable Fuels from Integrated Power- and Biomass-to-X Processes: A Superstructure Optimization Study

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