Supervision Intensity and Parole Outcomes: A Competing Risks Approach to Criminal and Technical Parole Violations

Grattet, Ryken; Lin, Jeffrey

doi:10.1080/07418825.2014.932001

Cited by 49 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The liberation hypothesis has since been adapted and extended to examine decisionmaking in capital cases (Baldus, Woodworth, and Pulaski, 1990), police use of force (Barkan and Cohn, 1998), prosecutorial decision-making (Ball, 2006), juvenile court decision making (Guevara et al, 2011), application of three strikes enhancements (Chen, 2008), and parole violation decisions (Grattet and Lin, 2014;Lin, Grattet, and Petersilia, 2012). A number of studies have also applied the hypothesis to the investigation of racial disparities in traditional sentencing outcomes of the disposition decision (in or out of prison) and the duration decision (length of incarceration)…”

Section: Interaction Effects and The Liberation Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional Race Disparities in Criminal Sentencing: A Test of the Liberation Hypothesis From a Non-Guidelines State

Hester

Hartman

2016

J Quant Criminol

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Objectives: To test the liberation hypothesis in a judicial context unconstrained by sentencing guidelines.Methods: We examined cross-sectional sentencing data (n = 17,671) using a hurdle count model, which combines a binary (logistic regression) model to predict zero counts and a zero-truncated negative binomial model to predict positive counts. We also conducted a series of Monte Carlo simulations to demonstrate that the hurdle count model provides unbiased estimates of our sentencing data and outperforms alternative approaches.Results: For the liberation hypothesis, results of the interaction terms for race x offense severity and race x criminal history varied by decision type. For the in/out decision, criminal history moderated the effects of race: among offenders with less extensive criminal histories blacks were more likely to be incarcerated; among offenders with higher criminal histories this race effect disappeared. The race x offense severity interaction was not significant for the in/out decision. For the sentence length decision, offense severity moderated the effects of race: among offenders convicted of less serious crimes blacks received longer sentences than whites; among offenders convicted of crimes falling in the most serious offense categories the race effect became nonsignificant for Felony D offenses and transitioned to a relative reduction for blacks for the most serious Felony A, B, and C categories. The race x criminal history interaction was not significant for the length decision.Conclusions: There is some support for the liberation hypothesis in this test from a nonguidelines jurisdiction. The findings suggest, however, that the decision to incarcerate and the sentence length decision may employ different processes in which the interactions between race and seriousness measures vary.

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Section: Interaction Effects and The Liberation Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Conditional Race Disparities in Criminal Sentencing: A Test of the Liberation Hypothesis From a Non-Guidelines State

Hester

Hartman

2016

J Quant Criminol

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“…In this way, the officer's expectation may fulfill itself. If this holds true in practice, it may increase the offenders' rates of revocation due to increased sensitivity to violating behavior (see Grattet & Lin, ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Probation Officer Role Emphases and Use of Risk Assessment Information before and after Training

Ricks

Louden

Kennealy³

2016

Behavioral Sci & The Law

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This research examined how probation officers use risk information about offenders, and how its use is affected by what aspects of their role they emphasize. Officers (N = 152) were invited to complete surveys before and after a risk assessment tool training (46.0-65.8% participation rate). Surveys assessed estimates of reoffense and officers' likely supervision approach given a probationer's risk level. Officers tended to overestimate the likelihood of medium- and high-risk offenders to reoffend. As risk level rose, officers tended to increase the number of meetings and referrals. Officers' role emphases were related to how they perceived low-risk offenders' likelihood to reoffend, but not for offenders at other risk levels. There was relative consistency in officers' role emphases, supervision decisions, and responses to violations, so that differences in practice did not appear to be systematic. Most officers' risk perceptions were more realistic after training. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…Determining what reduces supervision failure is a public health concern as it can affect individual and community safety and wellness, corrections management, and institutional spending. Research thoroughly examines the role of individual risk factors (e.g., personal characteristics and criminal histories) on parole outcomes (Gendreau et al, 1996; Petersilia, 1985, 2009), whereas far less attention is paid to the effects of specific supervision activities (Grattet et al, 2011; Grattet & Lin, 2014; Luallen et al, 2013). This study expands the correctional literature by examining a common supervision activity—home visits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Empirical assessments of risk–need–responsivity (RNR) variables posited to enhance supervision effectiveness (Bonta & Andrews, 2007) have recently included examining the intensity of supervision for its independent effects on parole outcomes (Grattet et al, 2011; Grattet & Lin, 2014). The manner and how closely people on parole are supervised (i.e., monitoring requirements) are often based on assessed risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Next, research measuring the actual number and types of contacts is needed to fully understand dimensions of intensity. In addition, subsequent research found that supervision intensity influenced some outcomes but not others, pointing to the importance of examining multiple measures of parole behaviors (Grattet & Lin, 2014). Acknowledging the dynamic interplay between supervision monitoring and the behaviors of those supervised (Rudes, 2012), Grattet and colleagues (2011) recommended that future research empirically disaggregate the two, which would require data that independently measured both over time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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What Happens in Home Visits? Examining a Key Parole Activity

Meredith¹,

Hawk²,

Johnson

et al. 2020

Criminal Justice and Behavior

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Home visits provide a space for officer–supervisee encounters. However, little is known about the dynamics of home visits and their association with supervision outcomes. This study examines the context, content, and role of home visits in parole. Home visits are described using systematic observation data of officer-initiated contacts ( N = 383). The average visit included only those on parole, inside a single-family home, lasted 8 minutes, was conducive to discussions, and covered rules and needs topics. A separate agency records dataset ( N = 26,878) was used to estimate Cox hazard models. Findings suggest that each visit is related to reduced risk of a new felony arrest or a revocation, controlling for criminogenic factors and supervision activities. Risk was further associated with a reduction if officers engaged in mixed-topic discussions (rules and needs). Home visits can enable officers to help people on parole successfully navigate the challenges of reentry.

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Supervision Intensity and Parole Outcomes: A Competing Risks Approach to Criminal and Technical Parole Violations

Cited by 49 publications

References 39 publications

Conditional Race Disparities in Criminal Sentencing: A Test of the Liberation Hypothesis From a Non-Guidelines State

Conditional Race Disparities in Criminal Sentencing: A Test of the Liberation Hypothesis From a Non-Guidelines State

Probation Officer Role Emphases and Use of Risk Assessment Information before and after Training

What Happens in Home Visits? Examining a Key Parole Activity

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