“…In the real world, a logistics network for the express delivery is responsible for transferring and distributing packages between a set of origin and destination nodes through several intermediate facilities, which essentially rely on public transportation networks, such as land and air. The express delivery company must ensure that its network is robust, agile, and can effectively absorb demand fluctuations (Fleuren et al, 2013), which improves customer experience (Cui et al, 2020).…”