Supra Renal Teratoma- A Case Report

Mishra, Baikuntha Narayan

doi:10.18535/jmscr/v5i4.91

Cited by 3 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…175 However, these commitments have been criticized as they do not address current concerns such as privacy infringement, due process issues, and the increase of spam attacks through botnets and malware. 176 Singapore-led agreements follow the same approach as the US. In agreements where the UK is a party, an additional clause is included, drawn from EU agreements.…”

Section: Collective Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mishra criticizes the nonbinding nature of such commitments for their narrow focus, arguing that these agreements miss the opportunity to include multi-stakeholder and industry mechanisms for standard-setting on cybersecurity issues. 182 Although there are growing concerns about how to effectively protect labour rights in the context of a global digital economy where platform companies operate across borders, trade agreements are yet to address this issue. 183 Among the agreements we reviewed, the Singapore-UK FTA was the only one to mention the issue, and it merely acknowledges the importance of adopting or maintaining policies that promote decent working conditions for digital economy workers, although the parties stop short of making any substantial commitments (Figure 6).…”

Section: Collective Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Norm Entrepreneurship in Digital Trade: The Singapore-led Wave of Digital Trade Agreements

Jones,

Kira,

Tavengerwei

2024

World Trade Review

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Rulemaking in digital trade is proceeding apace. Many preferential trade agreements contain dedicated e-commerce or digital trade chapters and some states have entered into stand-alone digital economy agreements. This article seeks to establish whether, and to what extent, normative change is occurring in digital trade agreements, the nature of any changes, and identify which states are acting as norm entrepreneurs. We employ a new method of legal coding, systematically comparing the nature and prescriptiveness of digital provisions in 12 trade agreements concluded between 2019 and 2023. We find evidence of substantial policy innovation, and identify Singapore as the key norm entrepreneur. A new wave of ‘Singapore-led’ agreements substantially expands the scope of digital trade, to cover areas such as digital identities, e-invoicing and e-payments, the governance of AI, and regulation of new digital technologies. Commitments are typically couched as soft rather than hard law, reflecting the nascent stages of rulemaking. Norm entrepreneurship on the part of Singapore and its allies reflects a desire to position themselves as ‘digital hubs’ in the global economy, spur rulemaking in areas where innovation is ahead of regulation, and promote digital interconnectivity at time of regulatory divergence and geopolitical rivalry.

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Section: Collective Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Collective Rightsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Norm Entrepreneurship in Digital Trade: The Singapore-led Wave of Digital Trade Agreements

Jones,

Kira,

Tavengerwei

2024

World Trade Review

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“…10 Through its participation in multilateral groupings such as Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), Mekong Ganga Cooperation (MGC), Bay of Bengal Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Initiative (BIMSTEC), etc., India envisions "Security and Growth for All." 11 The "ASEAN-Centrality" is also a key aspect of India's notion of the Indo-Pacific region. Commemorating the 30th anniversary of the India-ASEAN dialogue at the 19th ASEAN-India summit in Phnom Penh, Cambodia, the Indian Vice President reaffirmed the importance of ASEAN to the region.…”

Section: The Indo-pacific Region: What Does It Hold For India?mentioning

confidence: 99%

RCEP and Indo-Pacific Region: Implications for India’s Act East Policy

Sangwan

2023

China and WTO Review

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The Indo-Pacific region's strategic importance lies in its role in global trade and energy supply. Strengthening multilateral institutions is crucial to maintain a balance of power amid China's growing assertiveness. Post the change in the US administration and the pandemic's impact on the world order, restoring multilateralism is emphasized. The Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP) plays a vital role in this multilateral order for the Indo-Pacific. India's "Act East Policy" is an essential instrument for pursuing its interests in the region. However, India chose to opt out of RCEP, citing concerns about bias favoring China's interests. This paper explores India's significance in the Indo-Pacific and analyzes the implications of its decision on RCEP and the "Act-East Asia Policy." India's stance has broader implications for regional economic integration and its ability to balance China's influence while shaping the Indo-Pacific's evolving dynamics.

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“…102 (c): price discrimination can be abusive only if "…it tends to distort the competitive relationship" among the customers of the dominant firm. 95 The distortion of competition in the downstream market, in fact, can harm the consumers' welfare. Traditionally, the Court 'presumed' the distortion of competition in the downstream market if one of the customers had to pay a higher price in comparison to an 'other trading partner' (i.e., competitors).…”

Section: Iiia2 Competitive Disadvantagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, the Court of Justice ruled in British Airways that the European Commission was not required to prove that the price discrimination caused "an actual quantifiable deterioration in the competitive position" of the discriminated customer. 96 Similarly, in Clearstream, the General Court did not assess whether the price discrimination had resulted in a loss of market share for the customers who were discriminated against. 97 The case law on 'competitive disadvantage' has been revised by the CJEU in MEO.…”

Section: Iiia2 Competitive Disadvantagementioning

confidence: 99%

Nondiscrimination in Standard Essential Patents; ND Prong V. Art. 102(C) TFEU

Botta¹

2021

Journal of Competition Law &Amp; Economics

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The article analyses the meaning of the nondiscriminatory principle in disputes concerning Standard Essential Patents (SEPs) under EU competition and contract law (that is, ND prong). The article reviews the economics literature, looking at the welfare effect of price discrimination and the interpretation of the ND prong provided by a number of economists. Secondly, the article analyses the case law of the EU Court of Justice on Art. 102(c) TFEU and recent rulings by the German and British courts concerning the scope of the application of the ND prong. A strategy of discrimination in regard to royalty rates may be sanctioned, both under competition and contract law. However, Art. 102(c) requires a higher burden of proof than contract law. As a consequence, it is unsurprising that no case of royalty rate discrimination has ever been sanctioned in Europe as an abuse of dominance. While courts and economists generally agree that the ND prong is applicable only when licensees are “similarly situated,” to date, there is no common understanding of the meaning of this expression. In particular, it is unclear whether, and to what extent, licensees are “similarly situated” if they are not competitors in the downstream market.

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Supra Renal Teratoma- A Case Report

Cited by 3 publications

References 18 publications

Norm Entrepreneurship in Digital Trade: The Singapore-led Wave of Digital Trade Agreements

Norm Entrepreneurship in Digital Trade: The Singapore-led Wave of Digital Trade Agreements

RCEP and Indo-Pacific Region: Implications for India’s Act East Policy

Nondiscrimination in Standard Essential Patents; ND Prong V. Art. 102(C) TFEU

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