Surface Contact Features, Impact Obliquity, and Preimpact Rotational Motion in Concussive Helmet-to-Ground Impacts: Assessment via a New Impact Test Device

Kent, Richard W.; Forman, Jason; Bailey, Ann; Cormier, Joseph M.; Park, Gwansik; Crandall, Jeff R.; Arbogast, Kristy B.; Myers, Barry S.

doi:10.1007/s10439-020-02621-x

Cited by 7 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…41 Indeed, laboratory reconstruction of helmet-to-ground impacts has revealed the severity of impact is 13 highly sensitive to the compliance and frictional properties of the surface. 40 Reconstruction of 10 representative impacts causing concussion from NFL games demonstrated greater severity index and head injury criterion for all helmet-to-ground impacts on artificial turf (n=2) compared to helmet-to-helmet impacts (n=8). 45 If our results are indeed driven by surface materials, this has implications for other athletes, since head-to-ground impacts account for 5-20% of concussions across various sports.…”

Section: Explanatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…39 The biomechanics of helmet-to-ground impacts are substantially different than player-to-player impacts, and football helmets are not tested (or designed) for these types of impacts. [40][41][42] These impacts are potentially more severe, due to unusually high angular velocities and accelerations, and the potential for rebounds (both of the head within the helmet, and with the helmet and head combined). 41 Grass tears in relation to translational force, whereas artificial turf does not -which allows the latter to have greater force transmission between the player and the surface.…”

Section: Explanatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Interaction of surface type, temperature, and week of season on diagnosed concussion risk American football: Bayesian analysis of 8 Seasons of National Football League Data.

Smoliga

Binney

2022

Preprint

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Importance: Professional American football players are concerned that artificial turf playing surfaces and extended seasons increase health risks, but existing research is limited by weak methodology and limited sample size. Objective: To examine how playing surface, time of season, and game temperature relate to concussion risk in the National Football League (NFL). Design: Retrospective cohort study of 8 years of NFL regular season games. Setting: Database of NFL game data and weekly injury reports. Participants: All NFL players who participated in a regular season game from the 2012-2019. Exposures: NFL game participation. Main Outcomes and Measures: The primary outcome was the number of concussions within a game. Bayesian negative binomial regression models were fit to relate how playing surface (artificial turf vs. natural grass), game temperature, and week of the season independently related to concussion risk, and any interactions between these factors. Results: 1096 concussions were identified in the 1830 games were included in this study. There was a 98% probability that concussion risk was reduced on grass surface (median Incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.534), 99% probability that concussion risk was lower at higher temperatures (IRR=0.979 for each 1oC), and 91% probability that concussion risk increased with each week of the season (IRR=1.019). There was an 84% probability for a surface x temperature interaction (IRR=1.013) and 74% probability for a surface x week interaction (IRR=1.018). If the model was fitted without interaction terms, the probability of each main effect was >99%. Conclusions and Relevance: Concussion risk is increased on artificial turf compared to natural grass, and this is exacerbated in cold weather. Concussion risk is also increased later in the season (regardless of temperature) on both surfaces, but the apparent protective effect of natural grass is diminished in later weeks. The complex interplay between these factors may explain seemingly contradictory findings in the literature and must be accounted for in sports injury epidemiology. These findings suggest that player safety concerns regarding artificial turf and extended playing seasons are warranted and should be considered by the NFL. The risk factors should be explored at non-professional levels, and in other sports.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Explanatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Section: Explanatory Mechanismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Interaction of surface type, temperature, and week of season on diagnosed concussion risk American football: Bayesian analysis of 8 Seasons of National Football League Data.

Smoliga

Binney

2022

Preprint

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“…Helmet testing was conducted with a Hybrid III 50th percentile male anthropomorphic head and neck surrogate 2 , 4 , 21 , 40 (78051-336, Humanetics Innovative Solutions, Plymouth, MI) that was connected to a vertical drop tower rail (Fig. 2 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact Performance Comparison of Advanced Snow Sport Helmets with Dedicated Rotation-Damping Systems

2021

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Rotational acceleration of the head is a principal cause of concussion and traumatic brain injury. Several rotation-damping systems for helmets have been introduced to better protect the brain from rotational forces. But these systems have not been evaluated in snow sport helmets. This study investigated two snow sport helmets with different rotation-damping systems, termed MIPS and WaveCel, in comparison to a standard snow sport helmet without a rotation-damping system. Impact performance was evaluated by vertical drops of a helmeted Hybrid III head and neck onto an oblique anvil. Six impact conditions were tested, comprising two impact speeds of 4.8 and 6.2 m/s, and three impact locations. Helmet performance was quantified in terms of the linear and rotational kinematics, and the predicted probability of concussion. Both rotation-damping systems significantly reduced rotational acceleration under all six impact conditions compared to the standard helmet, but their effect on linear acceleration was less consistent. The highest probability of concussion for the standard helmet was 89%, while helmets with MIPS and WaveCel systems exhibited a maximal probability of concussion of 67 and 7%, respectively. In conclusion, rotation-damping systems of advanced snow sport helmets can significantly reduce rotational head acceleration and the associated concussion risk.

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“…Further analysis of concussive NFL impacts showed differences in impact conditions by player position, and unique features of helmet-to-ground impacts that could be used for more specific helmet evaluation and design. 12,14 This special issue on concussions in sports will build upon the previous issues by including studies on concussion biomechanics in a variety of sports and recreational activities. These studies are focused on realworld concussion biomechanics, helmet evaluation, laboratory reconstruction of impacts, head injury prediction metrics, and new head impact sensor technologies.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Special Issue on Concussions in Sports

Rowson

Duma

2021

Ann Biomed Eng

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Surface Contact Features, Impact Obliquity, and Preimpact Rotational Motion in Concussive Helmet-to-Ground Impacts: Assessment via a New Impact Test Device

Cited by 7 publications

References 18 publications

Interaction of surface type, temperature, and week of season on diagnosed concussion risk American football: Bayesian analysis of 8 Seasons of National Football League Data.

Interaction of surface type, temperature, and week of season on diagnosed concussion risk American football: Bayesian analysis of 8 Seasons of National Football League Data.

Impact Performance Comparison of Advanced Snow Sport Helmets with Dedicated Rotation-Damping Systems

Special Issue on Concussions in Sports

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