Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization on Gold at Ambient Temperature

Kim, Jong Bum; Bruening, Merlin L.; Baker, Gregory L.

doi:10.1021/ja001652q

Cited by 287 publications

(278 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Matyjaszewski reported a slope of ~4 × 10 −4 nm/ (g·mol −1 ) for polystyrene (PS) [40] . Shah reported a slope of ~10 −3 nm/(g·mol −1 ) for PMMA [23] , which agreed with Kim's result from the cleavage method [46] . A number of other research groups also provided experimental evidence that such approximation was consistent with the cleavage method [3,9] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Jordan et al calculated the IE of PS brushes to be ~6% (~0.3 chain·nm −2 ). Both Kim [46] and Shah [23] estimated the IE to be less than 10%, in agreement with the result by simulation that a high-density initiator layer does not ensure a dense polymer coating in the first place [40] .…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…This IE is dynamic. The IE typically used in SIP research field as discussed in the introduction part is that: IE = polymer chains/total number of initiators, where the number of polymer chains was determined by GPC [23,40,46] . From this study, IE drops dramatically at the first 3 min, where polymer chains are still very short and not detectable by the GPC method.…”

Section: Initiator Efficiency (Ie)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Kim et al reported that a 33.1 nm thick poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) film had a M n of 33100 g·mol −1 [46] . However, Matyjaszewski et al calculated that a 100 nm thick polymer brush on a 1 cm 2 silicon wafer can only produce 10 μg mass, which was barely enough for GPC [40] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quartz crystal microbalance study of the kinetics of surface initiated polymerization

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2009

Sci. China Ser. B-Chem.

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Surface initiated polymerization (SIP) is a valuable tool in synthesizing functional, and (v) the catalyst system (ratio among the ingredients, metal, ligands, and additives). The dynamic nature of IE is also described by these two variables, IE = a/(a + bt). Instead of the molecular weight and the polydispersity, we suggest that film thickness, the two kinetic parameters (a and b), and the initial density of the initiator and IE be the parameters that characterize ultrathin polymer brushes. Besides the kinetics study of SIP, the reported method has many other applications, for example, in the fast screening of catalyst system for SIP and other polymerization systems.surface initiated polymerization, quartz crystal microbalance, kinetics, controlled living radical polymerization

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Initiator Efficiency (Ie)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quartz crystal microbalance study of the kinetics of surface initiated polymerization

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2009

Sci. China Ser. B-Chem.

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“…Such structures are referred to as polymer brushes, when the distance between the grafted chains is less than twice the radius of gyration of the unperturbed polymer chain [12]. A number of different polymerization modes have been used to graft polymer chains on the surfaces like non-living free radical polymerization [13], controlled polymerization techniques such as ionic polymerization [14,15], nitroxide mediated polymerization [13], atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [11,[16][17][18] and reversible addition fragmentation transfer (RAFT) [19][20][21] etc. Conventional polymer systems suffer from unwanted bimolecular termination reactions thereby leading the grafting process to an abrupt end.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis of Environmentally Responsive Polymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Generation of Reversible Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Mittal

2010

Polymers

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Environmentally responsive poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) brushes were grafted from the surface of polymer particles or flat surfaces in order to generate reversible hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces. The use of atom transfer radical polymerization was demonstrated for the grafting of polymer brushes as it allows efficient control on the amount of grafted polymer. The polymer particles were generated with or without surfactant in the emulsion polymerization and their surface could be modified with the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. The uniform functionalization of the surface with ATRP initiator was responsible for the uniform grafting of polymer brushes. The grafted brushes responded reversibly with changes in temperature indicating that the reversible responsive behavior could be translated to the particle surfaces. The particles were observed to adsorb and desorb protein and virus molecules by changing the temperatures below or higher than 32 °C. The initiator functionalized particles could also be adsorbed on the flat surfaces. The adsorption process also required optimization of the heat treatment conditions to form a uniform layer of the particles on the substrate. The grafted polymer brushes also responded to the changes in temperatures similar to the spherical particles studied through water droplets placed on the flat substrates.

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Carbon: Nanotubes

Baskaran¹

2005

Encyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry

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A brief introduction to carbon nanotubes with basic structural classification, synthesis, properties, and surface modification is presented. The growth process of carbon nanotubes and the role of metals catalyst in the arc‐discharge, the laser‐vaporization, and the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques are discussed. The synthesis of aligned carbon nanotubes in a preferred orientation from various substrates and the formation of branched carbon nanotubes are unique features of the CVD technique. The method of purification of carbon nanotubes is chosen on the basis of the amount of catalyst impurities and amorphous carbon present in them that are dependent on the techniques used to produce carbon nanotubes. Oxidative purification methods and the introduction of carboxylic acid on the surface of carbon nanotubes have been described. Optical, electrical, and mechanical properties of carbon nantubes have been highlighted. An overview of the surface modification of carbon nanotubes with covalent and noncovalent chemistry to enhance the dispersion and dissolution properties of carbon nantotubes and the problem associated with size, length, and the functional groups distribution affecting the solution properties of carbon nanotubes have been discussed.

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Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization on Gold at Ambient Temperature

Cited by 287 publications

References 32 publications

Quartz crystal microbalance study of the kinetics of surface initiated polymerization

Quartz crystal microbalance study of the kinetics of surface initiated polymerization

Synthesis of Environmentally Responsive Polymers by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization: Generation of Reversible Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces

Carbon: Nanotubes

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