Surface modification of ammonium polyphosphate by supramolecular assembly for enhancing fire safety properties of polypropylene

Sun, Yaru; Yuan, Bihe; Shang, Shuo; Zhang, Hongming; Shi, Yongqian; Yu, Bin; Qi, Congrui; Dong, Hua; Chen, Xianfeng; Yang, Xinlei

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.107588

Cited by 137 publications

(55 citation statements)

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“…Symbols are indicative of different types of phosphorus flame retardant used. Here: ■ APP-10 [ 24 ], APP-12, APP-15 [ 25 ], APP-20 [ 26 ], APP-20 [ 27 ], APP-20 [ 28 ], APP-20 [ 23 ], APP-25 [ 29 ], APP-25 [ 30 ], APP-25 [ 31 ], APP-25 [ 32 ], APP-25 [ 33 ], APP-25 [ 34 ], APP-25, m-APP-25 [ 35 ], APP-25, mc-APP-25 [ 36 ], m-APP-25 [ 37 ], APP-30 [ 38 ], APP-30 [ 39 ], APP-30 [ 40 ], mc-APP-30 [ 41 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 42 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 43 ], APP-30, mc-APP-30 [ 44 ], APP-30, mc-APP-5, mc-APP-10, mc-APP-15, mc-APP-20, mc-APP-25, mc-APP-30 [ 45 ], APP-35, m-APP-35 [ 46 ], APP-35, m-APP-35 [ 47 ], APP-40, mc-APP-40 [ 48 ], APP-25, P-CA-25 [ 49 ], APP-25 [ 50 ], APP-IFR-20 [ ...…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Symbols are indicative of different types of nitrogen flame retardant used. Here: ■ MP-40 [ 63 ], MPPK-15, MPPK-20, MPPK-25 [ 64 ], MTP-15, MTP-20, MTP-25, MTP-30, m-MTP-30 [ 65 ], MPyP-30 [ 57 ], MPyP-30, TA-CFA-30 [ 66 ], TA-CFA-30 [ 39 ], TA-CFA-30 [ 40 ], TA-CFA-25 [ 37 ], TA-CFA-25 [ 32 ], TA-CA-ZnO-25 [ 29 ], TA-CA-25 [ 67 ], TA-CA-20 [ 27 ], TA-CA-20 [ 23 ], TA-IFR-20 [ 68 ], TA-IFR-25 [ 31 ], PI-FR-25 [ 69 ], PI-IFR-30 [ 70 ], PI-IFR-20, PI-IFR-30, PI-IFR-40 [ 71 ], NOR116-0.5 [ 72 ], NOR116-0.3 [ 73 ], PPU-CA-25 [ 50 ], N-FR-22, N-FR-25 [ 74 ], N-IFR-5, N-IFR-10, N-IFR-15, N-IFR-20, N-IFR-25 [ 75 ], N-IFR-25 [ 76 ], PN-IFR-30 [ 56 ].…”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

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Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity plastic known for high rigidity and crystallinity, which is suitable for a wide range of applications. However, high flammability of PP has always been noticed by users as a constraint; therefore, a variety of additives has been examined to make PP flame-retardant. In this work, research papers on the flame retardancy of PP have been comprehensively reviewed, classified in terms of flame retardancy, and evaluated based on the universal dimensionless criterion of Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). The classification of additives of well-known families, i.e., phosphorus-based, nitrogen-based, mineral, carbon-based, bio-based, and hybrid flame retardants composed of two or more additives, was reflected in FRI mirror calculated from cone calorimetry data, whatever heat flux and sample thickness in a given series of samples. PP composites were categorized in terms of flame retardancy performance as Poor, Good, or Excellent cases. It also attempted to correlate other criteria like UL-94 and limiting oxygen index (LOI) with FRI values, giving a broad view of flame retardancy performance of PP composites. The collected data and the conclusions presented in this survey should help researchers working in the field to select the best additives among possibilities for making the PP sufficiently flame-retardant for advanced applications.

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Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

et al. 2020

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“…Infrared spectra of APP, MEL, TA, MEL‐TA, and APP@MEL‐TA are shown in Figure . For APP, the characteristic peaks are observed: NH stretching vibration (3207 cm −1 ), POH stretching vibration (1693 cm −1 ), NH 4 + (1436 cm −1 ), PO stretching vibration (1250 cm −1 ), PO symmetric and asymmetric stretching vibration (1067 and 883 cm −1 , respectively), symmetric vibration of PO 2 and PO 3 (1016 cm −1 ), and POP stretching vibration (798 cm −1 ) . For MEL, the peaks from 3500 to 3100 cm −1 are attributed to NH stretching vibrations.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Supramolecular self‐assembly modification of ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardant application in polypropylene

Yuan

Dong

et al. 2020

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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In order to improve its water resistance and compatibility with polymer matrix, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) is modified with melamine-trimesic acid (MEL-TA) aggregates by supramolecular self-assembly technology. Chemical structure and morphology of APP@MEL-TA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Intumescent flame retardant system of APP@MEL-TA and charring-foaming agent is introduced into polypropylene (PP) matrix. The flammability and combustion behavior of PP composites are investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 vertical burning, and cone calorimetry tests. In terms of LOI values and cone combustion results, APP@MEL-TA performs better than pristine APP. Char residue of PP composites is investigated by SEM and Raman spectra. Flame retardant mechanisms are proposed based on thermal decomposition, combustion results, and analysis on char residue. K E Y W O R D S ammonium polyphosphate, flame retardant, polypropylene, supramolecular self-assembly, thermal stability 1 | INTRODUCTION Polypropylene (PP) is widely applied in a variety of applications, such as transportation, cables, housing, and electric industry. However, PP burns very rapidly with the release of a great deal of heat, which limits its applications in many fields. Thus, the improvement in flame retardant properties of PP has become an important research. Zhang et al 1 reviewed the research progress of halogen-containing flame-retarded PP. The obvious disadvantages of traditional halogen-based flame retardants are high fire toxicity and releasing of smoke during the combustion. 2 In addition, environment amity is the theme of whole society, and some halogen-containing flame retardants are undoubtedly damaging the environment. 3-6 Recently, halogen-containing flame retardants have been replaced by halogen-free counterparts, 7-9 which are characterized by their low fire toxicity. Intumescent flame retardants (IFRs) are the most popular halogen-free retardants because of their advantages of low smoke and toxicity during combustion. 10,11 Wang et al 12 prepared a novel IFR by the reaction of melamine (MEL) with methyl hydrogen siloxane, and this flame retardant system can effectively improve flame retardancy of PP.Acid catalyst, blowing source, and charring agent are three main ingredients for IFR system. 13,14 According to its elemental composition, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) acts as acid catalyst and blowing source because of its high phosphorus and nitrogen contents, both of which are primary flame retardant elements. 15,16 However, as an important component of IFR, APP has obvious disadvantages of weak water resistance and poor compatibility with polymer matrix. 3,17,18 Hence, it is of great significance to modify the surface of APP and improve flame retardant properties of resulting composites. In view of these deficiencies, many researches on surface modification of APP have been carried out. The surface characteristics of APP are modified by other flame retard...

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“…There are two main peaks in the Gram‐Schmidt curve of PP/APP. It can be observed that major pyrolysis products of PP/APP are saturated alkane (2965, 2927, 1456, 1379, 1159, and 966 cm −1 ), unsaturated hydrocarbons (3085, 1645, and 890 cm −1 ), CO 2 (2345 and 2264 cm −1 ), CO (2181 cm −1 ), and NH 3 (930 cm −1 ) …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of piperazine cyanurate by hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reaction and its application in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites

Dong

Yuan

et al. 2019

Polymers for Advanced Techs

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Piperazine cyanurate (PCA) is designed and synthesized via hydrogen-bonding selfassembly reactions between piperazine and cyanuric acid. Chemical structure and morphology of PCA are investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The prepared PCA is combined with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) to prepare flame-retardant polypropylene (PP) composites. Thermostability, flammability, and combustion characteristics of PP composites are analyzed. The maximum thermal decomposition rate of flameretarded PP composites has an apparent reduction compared with that of pure PP, and obvious char is left for this intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system of APP and PCA. A high limiting oxygen index value and UL-94 V-0 rating are achieved with addition of APP and PCA. In cone calorimetry test, heat and smoke releases of PP are significantly decreased by this IFR system. Gaseous decomposition products during the thermal decomposition of flame-retardant composites are studied. Chemical structure and morphology of char residues are analyzed. The results illustrate that APP and PCA have a superb synergistic action in the aspect of improvement in fire safety of PP. A possible flame-retardant mechanism is concluded to reveal the synergism between APP and PCA. K E Y W O R D S intumescent flame retardant, mechanism, polypropylene, synergism 1 | INTRODUCTION Polymeric materials, which are now universally used in many areas, have been important to modern life for many years. Polypropylene (PP) is one of the universal polymers and has many advantages, such as easy processability, corrosion resistance, and low cost. However, it is a kind of easily combustible material, which seriously restricts its applications. Because of its emission of poisonous gases while burning, PP has high fire hazard potential for human life. 1,2 Therefore, PP materials must be modified with flame-retardant additives in order to achieve desired flame-retardant performance and meet the requirements in some application fields. Currently, considerable effort has been devoted to explore methods of reducing the inflammability of PP. Various flame retardants, such as metallic hydroxide, expandable graphite, halogencontaining flame retardants, and phosphorous-containing compounds, have been successfully developed to endow PP with flame retardancy. 3 For instance, metal hydroxides, including aluminum hydroxide and magnesium hydroxide, are used in PP, but mechanical properties of PP materials are easily destroyed by high loading of fillers. 4 As a kind of halogen flame retardants, bromine-containing compound has been regarded as the most effective flame retardant for PP. 5 However, some halogen-containing flame retardants are being phased out because of their health and environmental hazards,

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Surface modification of ammonium polyphosphate by supramolecular assembly for enhancing fire safety properties of polypropylene

Cited by 137 publications

References 50 publications

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Flame Retardant Polypropylenes: A Review

Supramolecular self‐assembly modification of ammonium polyphosphate and its flame retardant application in polypropylene

Preparation of piperazine cyanurate by hydrogen‐bonding self‐assembly reaction and its application in intumescent flame‐retardant polypropylene composites

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