Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals with different acid anhydrides for improved dispersion in poly(butylene succinate)

Abstract

The hydrophobic CNC was dispersed in PBS to become a high dispersity and mechanical property and thermal stability PBS/modified-CNC composite.

Bamboo Fiber Based Cellulose Nanocrystals/Poly(Lactic Acid)/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Nanocomposites: Morphological, Mechanical and Thermal Properties

“…The absence of PLA diffraction peak in all the five composites (N1–N5) indicates that the PLA component has undergone no crystallisation, while the diffraction peak of PBS at 22.5° was noticed in all composites. Similar diffraction patterns were obtained for PLA-PBS-CNC nanocomposite films, indicating that the retention of the crystal structure of PBS was on incorporation of CNC, irrespective of the CNC contents [ 42 ]. In addition, the PBS peak intensity increased upon increasing CNC content.…”

“…In addition, the two temperatures indicate the melting temperatures of unstable and stable crystals that melt at low and high temperatures, respectively. Thus, the melting rate was found to be greater than the crystallisation rate, and result in an endothermic peak [ 42 ].…”

Electrostatic or Steric Stabilization of the Cellulose Nanostructures Using Different Modifying Agents

“…The first one is associated with water and components of the low molar mass evaporation, and the second is associated with cellulose degradation and decomposition. [ 9,48 ] The CS, AS, and GA modifiers slightly decreased the T max values (∼10 °C), which occurs due to the modifiers' structure, which acts as a thermal degradation catalyzer due to their active groups. According to He and collaborators, the addition of surface modifiers increases the surface porosity, which can change the T max values; [ 9 ] also, according to Sehaqui and collaborators, this slightly lower thermal stability may result from the higher surface area of modified‐CNS.…”

“…[ 9,48 ] The CS, AS, and GA modifiers slightly decreased the T max values (∼10 °C), which occurs due to the modifiers' structure, which acts as a thermal degradation catalyzer due to their active groups. According to He and collaborators, the addition of surface modifiers increases the surface porosity, which can change the T max values; [ 9 ] also, according to Sehaqui and collaborators, this slightly lower thermal stability may result from the higher surface area of modified‐CNS. [ 49 ] The increase in surface area may have occurred due to a better dispersion of the nanoparticles, avoiding the agglomeration and formation of clusters; therefore, this result is indicative of the efficiency of surface modifications.…”

“…Several strategies, including surfactants, surface coatings, grafting, and chemical changes, have been involved in promoting the stability of CNS and generating new accessible interactive sites for substantial interaction with polymeric matrices. [ 8,9 ] After modifications, the surface characteristics of CNS are highly dependent on the modifier used and can change the chemical and physical characteristics and thermal properties and solubility in organic solvents. [ 10 ] The modifiers can stabilize the CNS through electrostatic or steric stabilization.…”