“…Therefore, controlling the respective populations of epithelial and mesenchymal stem cells to shift the balance in favor of mesenchymal stem cells could help to ensure osseointegration. To date, various surface modifications have been developed, such as sandblasting and acid etching (SLA), hydrothermal hot pressing, laser pulse, dip coating, and spray plasma coating [16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26]. However, as yet, no method has been devised to regulate cell populations in functional dental implants.…”