“…Polymer-based membranes are currently the most frequently utilized membranes for many purposes, including microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), and reverse osmosis (RO) [19]. Of all polymeric materials, such as polysulfone (PSF), polypropylene (PP), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyethylene (PE), and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) [20,21], the PVDF membrane is the most extensively employed membrane used to fabricate UF and MF membranes since it has outstanding mechanical, physical, and chemical properties, as well as excellent thermal stability [22,23]. Although PTFE has a similar structure and advantages when compared to PVDF, PTFE has a high density whereas PVDF has a low density and higher porosity, which generally results in a higher water flux [24].…”