Surface modified cellulose nanomaterials: a source of non-spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery

Abstract

<p>Cellulose nanomaterials, often called nanocellulose, have created a lot of buzz as a renewable building block for new materials. In this review, the steps necessary to generate soluble nanocellulose-based drug carriers are discussed, which includes surface modifications and toxicity.</p>

Cellulose Nanocrystals/Chitosan-Based Nanosystems: Synthesis, Characterization, and Cellular Uptake on Breast Cancer Cells

“…Recent studies have demonstrated that the shape of the nanocarriers is an important parameter for their efficiency, and that elongated or filamentous nanostructures present several benefits over spherical ones in terms of surface area-to-volume ratio, rate of clearance from the body and elimination mechanism, as well as an enhanced uptake rate by tumor cells [14][15][16][17]. Moreover, CNCs are rich in hydroxyl groups that enable easy coupling (covalent and non-covalent) of targeting, imaging, and therapeutic agents [9,18] to actively target cancerous cells [19].…”

Nanocelluloses: Sources, Pretreatment, Isolations, Modification, and Its Application as the Drug Carriers

“…The presence of irradiation beams, such as microwave and electron, accelerates the polymer growth. UV-irradiation has also been developed to improve the reaction rate to allow pre-synthesized grafted polymer formation on the nanocellulose surface [ 132 ]. Recently, this method has been developed to induce polymer grafting and polymer growth on nanocellulose surfaces.…”

“…Another way of modifying NC with polymer in an aqueous solution is the NICAL reaction. For example, Khine et al [ 132 ] demonstrated photo-induced “click” chemistry for (TEMPO)-oxidized CNF bearing carboxylic acid moieties (TOCNs) modified with the nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The presence of fluorescence characteristics allowed for direct monitoring of NC throughout the cancer cells’ incubation.…”

“…The presence of fluorescence characteristics allowed for direct monitoring of NC throughout the cancer cells’ incubation. In addition, doxorubicin as a drug model can be attached via electrostatic interaction to introduce excess negative charge onto carboxyl groups in the polymeric-grafted NC [ 132 ].…”

“…Another approach is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) with 2-bromoisobutyrylbromide (BIBB) as the ATRP agent. These standard approaches for drug delivery have been well-reviewed elsewhere [ 132 ].…”