Surface modifying oligomers used to functionalize polymeric surfaces: Consideration of blood contact applications

Abstract

REVIEWSABSTRACT: The surface modification of existing polymeric biomaterials represents a key strategy for improving the hemocompatibility in long-and short-term biomedical materials without altering their bulk properties. Several techniques have been widely explored to generate surfaces that can prevent the activation of the coagulation system and lead to subsequent clot formation on the surfaces of polymeric blood contacting devices. In particular, strategies whereby the base polymer is blended with surface additives (SMAs) and surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs) are now recognized as practical and effective methods to improve surface polymeric materials. This review highlights the more recent advances in the synthesis of such additives and their blending with base polymers, with a specific focus on SMAs and SMMs with a molecular weight in the oligomeric range (<M n 12 kDa). The surface characterization of these modified materials is discussed in terms of water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the blood compatibility behavior, with specific attention to coagulation proteins and platelet adhesion.

Hierarchical micro and nano structured, hydrophilic, superhydrophobic and superoleophobic surfaces incorporated in microfluidics, microarrays and lab on chip microsystems

“…An alternative scenario is to incorporate superhydrophobic surfaces in such devices in order to eliminate such clogging problems. A recent review presents the progress in the surface modification of polymers that can be used in blood contact applications by blending the base polymer with surface additives [190]. Additionally, Zhu et al reviewed the most common techniques used to control the chemical composition and the surface geometric structures in order to tune the adhesion behavior of superhydrophobic surfaces [191].…”

Structures and Synthesis of Zwitterionic Polymers

“…Thus not surprisingly, many polyzwitter-ions have been shown to be highly biocompatible [21,27,28], combining strong hydrophilicity with zero net charge and high salt tolerance. In an extension of this reasoning, much interest has focused on polyzwitterions for mimicking cell membranes [29][30][31][32] and for preparing tailored surfaces, as they can confer excellent lubrication [33][34][35] and excellent resistance to (bio)fouling to various materials [27,28,[36][37][38][39][40][41]. The strong interest comprises equally materials for biomedical as well as technical uses.…”

Surface Functionalization of Electrospun Poly(butylene terephthalate) Fibers by Surface-Initiated Radical Polymerization

“…Polyester microfibers have potential applications for filtration media and tissue scaffolds because of their high surface area to volume ratio. For medical and environmental applications, it is also desirable to modify the wetting, adhesion, and antifouling properties, which can be controlled through surface modification . Oxidation by corona discharge treatment or plasma treatment is a common approach to improve the hydrophilicity .…”

“…Oxidation by corona discharge treatment or plasma treatment is a common approach to improve the hydrophilicity . Blending of chemical additives is particularly effective and extraordinarily versatile for surface functionalization of polymeric materials . For example, surface‐active compounds and diblock copolymer surfactants containing fluoroalkyl groups spontaneously segregate at the fiber surface during the spinning process, and can be used to prepare superhydrophobic nonwoven fiber mats.…”

“…For medical and environmental applications, it is also desirable to modify the wetting, adhesion, and antifouling properties, which can be controlled through surface modifi cation. [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] Oxidation by corona discharge treatment or plasma treatment is a common approach to improve the hydrophilicity. [ 6,7 ] Blending of chemical additives is particularly effective and extraordinarily versatile for surface functionalization of polymeric materials.…”