Surface-plasmon-assisted photoemission

Sipe, J. E.; Becher, J.

doi:10.1364/josa.71.001286

Cited by 31 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…IPE is similar to the photo‐electric effect, except that the former occurs at the interface between two materials rather than at the metal‐vacuum interface. It has long been known that the photo‐electric effect can be enhanced by SPPs , suggesting that IPE can be similarly enhanced – this has indeed been observed in several structures as discussed in the following sections. Likewise, the creation of EHPs can also be enhanced by involving SPPs.…”

Section: Operating Principlesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Berini

2013

Laser & Photonics Reviews

205

155

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Surface plasmon photodetectors are of vigorous current interest. Such detectors typically combine a metallic structure that supports surface plasmons with a photodetection structure based on internal photoemission or electron-hole pair creation. Detector architectures are highly varied, involving surface plasmons on planar metal waveguides, on metal gratings, on nano-particles, -islands, or -antennas, or involving plasmonmediated transmission through one or many sub-wavelength holes in a metal film. Properties inherent to surface plasmons, such as sub-wavelength confinement and their ability to resonate on tiny metallic structures, are exploited to convey useful characteristics to detectors in addressing applications such as low-noise high-speed detection, single-plasmon detection, near-and mid-infrared imaging, photovoltaic solar energy conversion, and (bio)chemical sensing. The operating principles behind surface plasmon detectors are reviewed, the literature on the topic is surveyed, and avenues that appear promising are highlighted.tection materials that are available. Properties inherent to SPPs are exploited to convey useful characteristics to detectors, such as polarisation, angular or spectral selectivity, or to improve their performance in terms of photoresponse, signal-to-noise or speed. The use of SPPs can also lead to small detectors, having dimensions comparable to those of highly integrated electronic elements. Several applications are targeted including low-noise or high-speed detection, single-plasmon detection, near-and mid-infrared imaging, photovoltaic solar energy conversion, and (bio)chemical sensing.Progress on SPP detectors has been rapid, and interest on the topic is vigorous, prompting a review of this area (no review of SPP detectors currently exists in the literature). The objectives of this review are to describe the operating principles behind SPP detectors, summarise the literature, and highlight avenues that appear promising. The properties of propagating SPPs and general photodetection principles are discussed initially, followed by a review of the literature organised by detector type (then chronologically), beginning with prism-and grating-coupled detectors, followed by hole-coupled detectors, then by detectors involving nanoparticles and nanoantennas, and closing with waveguide detectors. Some detectors could be classified under more than one type (e.g., nanoantennas or nanoparticles); classification was based on what seemed to be the best fit. Although not exhaustive, the review is comprehensive and covers the breadth of the field. Avenues that C 2013 by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim LASER & PHOTONICS REVIEWS 198 P. Berini: Surface plasmon detectors appear promising in terms of performance and application are highlighted throughout the paper and summarised in the last section. NotationAn e +jωt time-harmonic dependence is assumed throughout this paper. The relative permittivity is denoted ε r , and is written for a metal in terms of real and imaginary parts as ε r,...

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Section: Operating Principlesmentioning

confidence: 55%

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Berini

2013

Laser & Photonics Reviews

205

155

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“…Surface plasmon can enhance the photoemission of surfaces [27,28,29,30]. The photoemission enhancement occurs for some angle of incidence and is also polarization dependent.…”

Section: Plasmon Assisted Photoemissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantum efficiency of technical metal photocathodes under laser irradiation of various wavelengths

et al. 2013

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Quantum efficiency studies for various wavelength and various technical metal surfaces were carried out in a dedicated unbaked vacuum chamber. Copper, magnesium, aluminium and aluminium-lithium photocathodes were irradiated by two different high power, high repetition rate, laser systems. We have observed an emission of electrons for photon energy below the work function of the material. This is explained by multiple photon absorption at the photocathode. We have not observed any degradation of the QE for those materials, but an improvement when irradiating them over a long period of time. This is contrary to observations made in RF photoguns.

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“…IPE is similar to the photo-electric effect, except that the former occurs at the interface between two materials rather than at the metal-vacuum interface. It has long been known that the photo-electric effect can be enhanced by SPPs [16], suggesting that IPE can be similarly enhanced-this has indeed been observed in several structures as discussed in the following sections.…”

Section: ð9:5þmentioning

confidence: 56%

Surface Plasmon Enhanced Schottky Detectors

Berini

2016

Springer Series in Solid-State Sciences

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Surface plasmon Schottky detectors combine a structured metal contact that supports surface plasmons with a semiconductor, forming a rectifying metal-semiconductor junction. Internal photoemission occurs in such junctions via the excitation of hot carriers in the metal due to the absorption of surface plasmons therein, leading to photocurrent collected in the semiconductor. The cut-off wavelength of such detectors is determined by the Schottky barrier height, enabling detection below the bandgap of the semiconductor. The metal contact can be structured as a waveguide, grating or antenna on which surface plasmons are supported. Surface plasmon sub-wavelength confinement and field enhancement lead to significant enhancement of the internal photoelectric effect. The operating principles behind surface plasmon detectors based on internal photoemission are reviewed, the literature on the topic is surveyed, and avenues that appear promising are highlighted. IntroductionA surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) is a transverse-magnetic surface wave that propagates along the interface between a metal and a dielectric at optical wavelengths, as a coupled excitation formed from electromagnetic fields coupled to a charge density wave [1]. SPPs are supported on a variety of metal-dielectric structures, including planar arrangements of dielectric and metal films [2], metal gratings [3], and metal nanoparticles such as spheres, islands, rods [4,5], or nanostructured resonators (antennas) [6]. SPPs are also involved in optical transmission through one or many sub-wavelength holes in a metal film [7]. SPPs have interesting and useful attributes such as sub-wavelength confinement, energy

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Surface-plasmon-assisted photoemission

Cited by 31 publications

References 19 publications

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Surface plasmon photodetectors and their applications

Quantum efficiency of technical metal photocathodes under laser irradiation of various wavelengths

Surface Plasmon Enhanced Schottky Detectors

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