Surface Relief Versus Standard VCSELs: A Comparison Between Experimental and Hot-Cavity Model Results

Debernardi, Pierluigi; Kroner, A.; Rinaldi, F.; Michalzik, Rainer

doi:10.1109/jstqe.2009.2015152

Cited by 31 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…It is anticipated that a thin microlens VCSEL with an appropriate oxide aperture size can achieve single-mode output power level similar to that reported for surface relief structures, i.e. about 6 mW [4,16]. The relatively small S value of the polymer-microlens surface-relief VCSEL in Fig.…”

Section: Thin Microlens Vcselssupporting

confidence: 56%

“…The investigated structures include a polarization-controlled surface-grating VCSEL [14], a MEMS-tunable VCSEL with a curved mirror [15], and a surface relief VCSEL [16]. Extensive benchmarking comparison with other simulation methods such as the method of lines, Green's function model, eigenmode expansion with PML, etc., [13] also shows excellent agreement.…”

Section: Device Structure and Simulation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Transverse-mode-selectable microlens vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

et al. 2010

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Abstract:A new vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structure employing a thin microlens is suggested and numerically investigated. The laser can be made to emit in either a high-power Gaussian-shaped single-fundamental mode or a high-power doughnut-shaped higher-order mode. The physical origin of the mode selection properties of the new structure is rigorously analyzed and compared to other structures reported in the literature. The possibility of engineering the emission shape while retaining strong single mode operation is highly desirable for low-cost mid-range optical interconnects applications as well as the compact optical trapping of highrefractive-index dielectric particles and low-refractive-index, absorbing, or metallic particles.

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Section: Thin Microlens Vcselssupporting

confidence: 56%

Section: Device Structure and Simulation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transverse-mode-selectable microlens vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

et al. 2010

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“…There are several mechanisms by which power is dissipated inside a VCSEL [21,22]. The power dissipated across its series resistance R s causes resistive or Joule heating.…”

Section: Modeling Thermal Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subsequent saturation of the photon density in the active region limits VCSEL's modulation speed. The phenomena responsible for self-heating have received a great deal of attention, both experimentally [11][12][13][14][15] and theoretically [15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Experimental studies on improving the thermally-limited dynamic performance have focused on reducing resistance [3,12,14], internal optical absorption [10] and thermal impedance [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Experimental studies on improving the thermally-limited dynamic performance have focused on reducing resistance [3,12,14], internal optical absorption [10] and thermal impedance [11]. Theoretical modeling of self-heating effects is a complex problem and involves taking into account various optical, electrical and thermal interactions for the specific VCSEL design under consideration [16,20,21].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Assessment of VCSEL thermal rollover mechanisms from measurements and empirical modeling

et al. 2011

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Abstract:We use an empirical model together with experimental measurements for studying mechanisms contributing to thermal rollover in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The model is based on extraction of the temperature dependence of threshold current, internal quantum efficiency, internal optical loss, series resistance and thermal impedance from measurements of output power, voltage and lasing wavelength as a function of bias current over an ambient temperature range of 15-100 • C. We apply the model to an oxide-confined, 850-nm VCSEL, fabricated with a 9-μm inner-aperture diameter and optimized for highspeed operation, and show for this specific device that power dissipation due to linear power dissipation (sum total of optical absorption, carrier thermalization, carrier leakage and spontaneous carrier recombination) exceeds power dissipation across the series resistance (quadratic power dissipation) at any ambient temperature and bias current. We further show that the dominant contributors to self-heating for this particular VCSEL are quadratic power dissipation, internal optical loss, and carrier leakage. A rapid reduction of the internal quantum efficiency at high bias currents (resulting in high temperatures) is identified as being the major cause of thermal rollover. Our method is applicable to any VCSEL and is useful for identifying the mechanisms limiting the thermal performance of the device and to formulate design strategies to ameliorate them. Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers: Design, Fabrication, Characterization, and Applications, (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1999). 23. C. J. Chang-Hasnain, C. E. Zah, G. Hasnain, J. P. Harbison, L. T. Florez, N. G. Stoffel, and T. P. Lee, "Effect of operating electric power on the dynamic behavior of quantum well vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers," Appl.

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Single‐Mode VCSELs for Sensing Applications

Iga¹,

Tatum²

2021

VCSEL Industry

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Surface Relief Versus Standard VCSELs: A Comparison Between Experimental and Hot-Cavity Model Results

Cited by 31 publications

References 23 publications

Transverse-mode-selectable microlens vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Transverse-mode-selectable microlens vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser

Assessment of VCSEL thermal rollover mechanisms from measurements and empirical modeling

Single‐Mode VCSELs for Sensing Applications

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