Surface Treated Jute Fiber Induced Foam Microstructure Development in Poly(lactic acid)/Jute Fiber Biocomposites and their Biodegradation Behavior

Zafar, Mohammad Tahir; Kumar, Sanjeev; Singla, Rajendra Kumar; Maiti, Sukumar; Ghosh, Anup K.

doi:10.1007/s12221-018-7428-4

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…Additionally, as these grades are commercialized, they are most probably additivated with nucleating agents by the manufacturer. Also other studies have only revealed a moderate density reduction for batch foamed PLA injection molding grades [35,36]. during the stretching, while the expansion (so called strain induced crystallization) [20].…”

Section: Expansion Of the Neat Gradesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA)

et al. 2020

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In this comprehensive study, the influence of (i) material specific properties (e.g., molecular weight, zero shear viscosity, D-content) and (ii) process parameters (e.g., saturation temperature, -time, -pressure, and pressure drop rate) on the expansion behavior during the autoclave foaming process were investigated on linear Polylactide (PLA) grades, to identify and evaluate the foam relevant parameters. Its poor rheological behavior is often stated as a drawback of PLA, that limits its foamability. Therefore, nine PLA grades with different melt strength and zero shear viscosity were systematically chosen to identify whether these are the main factors governing the foam expansion and whether there is a critical value for these rheological parameters to be exceeded, to achieve low density foams with fine cells. With pressure drop induced batch foaming experiments, it could be shown that all of the investigated PLA grades could be foamed without the often used chemical modifications, although with different degrees of expansion. Interestingly, PLAs foaming behavior is rather complex and can be influenced by many other factors due to its special nature. A low molecular weight combined with a high ability to crystallize only lead to intermediate density reduction. In contrast, a higher molecular weight (i.e., increased zero shear viscosity) leads to significant increased expandability independent from the D-content. However, the D-content plays a crucial role in terms of foaming temperature and crystallization. Furthermore, the applied process parameters govern foam expansion, cell size and crystallization.

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Section: Expansion Of the Neat Gradesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA)

et al. 2020

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“…Foaming of PLA and jute fiber biocomposites was carried out by Zafar et al [128]. It can be observed in Figure 11 that when increasing the jute fiber load, the cell density increased and the cell size dropped.…”

Section: Filler Size Shape and Content Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The void fraction and expansion ratio of the foamed biocomposites increased from JFU to JFNA and then to JFNASI, as seen in Figure 12. Foaming of PLA and jute fiber biocomposites was carried out by Zafar et al [128], and fiber surface treatment on foam morphology was evaluated. PLA/jute fiber (5 wt%) biocomposites with untreated jute fibers (JFU), NaOH-treated jute fiber (JFNA), and (NaOH + silane)-treated jute fibers (JFNASI) were prepared.…”

Section: Filler Surface Treatment Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effect of jute fiber content on the foam microstructure of the PLA/jute fiber biocomposites; (a) void fraction and volume expansion ratio and (b) cell size and cell density. Data taken from Zafar et al[128].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(a) Cell density and cell size for different fillers at 5 wt% content in PLA and (b) foam density for different fillers between 3 and 5 wt% contents in PLA. Data taken from Zafar t al [128],. Kang et al[129], Cho et al[125], Neagu et al[127], and Ema et al[131].…”

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confidence: 99%

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Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review

et al. 2020

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Polylactic acid (PLA) is a well-known and commercially available biopolymer that can be produced from different sources. Its different characteristics generated a great deal of interest in various industrial fields. Besides, its use as a polymer matrix for foam production has increased in recent years. With the rise of technologies that seek to reduce the negative environmental impact of processes, chemical foaming agents are being substituted by physical agents, primarily supercritical fluids (SCFs). Currently, the mass production of low-density PLA foams with a uniform cell morphology using SCFs as blowing agents is a challenge. This is mainly due to the low melt strength of PLA and its slow crystallization kinetics. Among the different options to improve the PLA characteristics, compounding it with different types of fillers has great potential. This strategy does not only have foaming advantages, but can also improve the performances of the final composites, regardless of the implemented foaming process, i.e., batch, injection molding, and extrusion. In addition, the operating conditions and the characteristics of the fillers, such as their size, shape factor, and surface chemistry, play an important role in the final foam morphology. This article proposes a critical review on the different SCF-assisted processes and effects of operating conditions and fillers on foaming of PLA composites.

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Foamability of all‐green polylactide/rice straw pulp biocomposites through continuous extrusion process: Effects of pulping and reactive compatibilization

Abbasi,

Jafari,

Bahrami

et al. 2024

Can J Chem Eng

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In the present work, the processability of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) in the extrusion foaming process was improved by using rice straw (RS) as an agricultural waste. In order to extrude a sustainable lightweight foam, the soda‐pulping and bleaching modification were performed on the RS particles, which resulted in the attainment of purified micron‐sized cellulosic fibre with higher aspect ratio. The addition of these fibres, with larger interfacial area between filler and matrix, to the PLA melt enhanced the foam void fraction and cell density more than one order of magnitude. The use of a reactive compatibilizer in the biocomposite showed further beneficial effects on the PLA foamability. The used reactive compatibilizer, with the ability of simultaneous reactions with the end groups of PLA macromolecules and hydroxyl groups of the lignocellulosic pulp, in the biocomposite noticeably improved the viscoelastic properties of melt and lengthened the macromolecule relaxation times. As a result, the biocomposite melt with higher melt strength was obtained, which kept the melt integrity during the bubble growth stage, hindered the cell coalescence, and retained a larger volume of gas inside the melt. Contrary to these influences, the compatibilization activity of this additive weakened the heterogeneous nucleation role of the cellulosic fibres. However, by choosing proper pulp loading, the extrusion of a lightweight biodegradable PLA‐based biocomposite foam can be feasible, which can be used in interior construction applications.

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Surface Treated Jute Fiber Induced Foam Microstructure Development in Poly(lactic acid)/Jute Fiber Biocomposites and their Biodegradation Behavior

Cited by 18 publications

References 55 publications

Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA)

Evaluation of the Zero Shear Viscosity, the D-Content and Processing Conditions as Foam Relevant Parameters for Autoclave Foaming of Standard Polylactide (PLA)

Foaming of PLA Composites by Supercritical Fluid-Assisted Processes: A Review

Foamability of all‐green polylactide/rice straw pulp biocomposites through continuous extrusion process: Effects of pulping and reactive compatibilization

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