Advances in Ground-Source Heat Pump Systems 2016
DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100311-4.00008-x
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Surface water heat pump systems

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Cited by 19 publications
(15 citation statements)
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“…The LWHP system can be operated in ways of the open-loop or the closed-loop for heat exchange with lake water. While the former directly extracts the water reserved in a lake for heat exchange and discharges the heat-exchanged water back to the lake or to a drainage system, the latter circulates a heat-carrier fluid through a piping loop heat exchanger (e.g., helical pipe) submerged in lake water [2][3][4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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“…The LWHP system can be operated in ways of the open-loop or the closed-loop for heat exchange with lake water. While the former directly extracts the water reserved in a lake for heat exchange and discharges the heat-exchanged water back to the lake or to a drainage system, the latter circulates a heat-carrier fluid through a piping loop heat exchanger (e.g., helical pipe) submerged in lake water [2][3][4].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Generally, the open-loop scheme of the LWHP can provide higher efficiency than the closed-loop scheme. However, it has a burden of legislative permits and costs for lake water extraction and returning and risks of freezing, corrosion, and biofouling, which can obstruct the stable operation of the system [2][3][4][5]. In particular, the discharge of water used for the operation of the open-loop system can affect the physical properties and the ecological conditions of lakes [2,5,6].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
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