Surgical fixation compared with cast immobilisation for adults with a bicortical fracture of the scaphoid waist: the SWIFFT RCT

Abstract

Background Scaphoid fractures account for 90% of carpal fractures and occur predominantly in young men. Immediate surgical fixation of this fracture has increased. Objective To compare the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of surgical fixation with cast treatment and early fixation in adults with scaphoid waist fractures that fail to unite. Design Multicentre, pragmatic, open-label, parallel two-arm randomised controlled trial with an economic evaluation and a nested qualitative study. Setting Orthopaedic departments of 31 hospitals in England and Wales recruited from July 2013, with final follow-up in September 2017. Participants Adults (aged ≥ 16 years) presenting within 2 weeks of injury with a clear, bicortical fracture of the scaphoid waist on plain radiographs. Interventions Early surgical fixation using Conformité Européenne-marked headless compression screws. Below-elbow cast immobilisation for 6–10 weeks and urgent fixation of confirmed non-union. Main outcome measures The primary outcome and end point was the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation total score at 52 weeks, with a clinically relevant difference of 6 points. Secondary outcomes included Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation pain and function subscales, Short Form questionnaire 12-items, bone union, range of movement, grip strength, complications and return to work. Results The mean age of 439 participants was 33 years; 363 participants were male (83%) and 269 participants had an undisplaced fracture (61%). The primary analysis was on 408 participants with valid Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation outcome data for at least one post-randomisation time point (surgery, n = 203 of 219; cast, n = 205 of 220). There was no clinically relevant difference in the Patient-Rated Wrist Evaluation total score at 52 weeks: the mean score in the cast group was 14.0 (95% confidence interval 11.3 to 16.6) and in the surgery group was 11.9 (95% confidence interval 9.2 to 14.5), with an adjusted mean difference of –2.1 in favour of surgery (95% confidence interval –5.8 to 1.6; p = 0.27). The non-union rate was low (surgery group, n = 1; cast group, n = 4). Eight participants in the surgery group had a total of 11 reoperations and one participant in the cast group required a reoperation for non-union. The base-case economic analysis at 52 weeks found that surgery cost £1295 per patient more (95% confidence interval £1084 to £1504) than cast treatment. The base-case analysis of a lifetime-extrapolated model confirmed that the cast treatment pathway was more cost-effective. The nested qualitative study identified patients’ desire to have a ‘sense of recovering’, which surgeons should address at the outset. Limitation There were 17 participants who had initial cast treatment and surgery for confirmed non-union, which in 14 cases was within 6 months from randomisation and in three cases was after 6 months. Three of the four participants in the cast group who had a non-union at 52 weeks were not offered surgery. Conclusions Adult patients with an undisplaced or minimally displaced scaphoid waist fracture should have cast immobilisation and suspected non-unions immediately confirmed and urgently fixed. Patients should be followed up at 5 years to investigate the effect of partial union, degenerative arthritis, malunion and screw problems on their quality of life. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN67901257. Funding This project was funded by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment programme and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 52. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.

Patient experiences of scaphoid waist fractures and their treatment

“…Here, we focus upon those data which illuminate experience of injury and treatment preference, and a fuller presentation of the data is made elsewhere. 1…”

“…This is a qualitative interview study nested within SWIFFT. 1,2,17 NRES Committee East Midlands – Derby (Ethics reference 13/EM/0154) awarded ethical approval for this research.…”

“…This study complements the clinical insight generated in SWIFFT by considering patient preference for treatment options, and those factors that might be pertinent in this. 1,2 Data generated here will support clinicians in the management of scaphoid fractures, providing knowledge about the sort of information that patients require when considering treatments, and about how best to communicate this.…”

“…The Scaphoid Waist Internal Fixation for Fractures Trial (SWIFFT) has recently demonstrated that cast treatment (followed by surgery when necessary) is the most appropriate course of action when managing scaphoid waist fractures. 1-3 However, uncertainties remain about how patients view their injury, experience treatment, and about whether there are circumstances that might inform how this treatment strategy is applied or adapted.…”

Re: Johnson NA, Morris H and Dias JJ. Questions regarding the evidence guiding treatment of displaced scaphoid fractures. J Hand Surg Eur. 2020, 46: 213–8

“…The SWIFFT trial full report included an analysis of inter-observer reliability for measurements from radiographs and CT scans assessed by three raters (Dias et al, 2020a). Agreement was either acceptable or good for all measurements.…”