Surgical Outcomes for the Thoracic Ossification of Ligamentum flavum: A Retrospective Analysis of 61 Cases

Abstract

Background: Thoracic ossification of ligamentum flavum (T-OLF), as one of the causes of thoracic myelopathy, is often combined with other spinal disorders. Concurrent lumbar spinal canal stenosis (LCS) is often abstruse by symptoms due to T-OLF, leading to difficulty in identifying the origin of these neurological findings. It is common to be misdiagnosed or delayed diagnosis due to the complicated nature. We evaluated the prevalence, distribution, and clinical characteristics of OLF, especially in patients with LCS.Methods: The authors performed a retrospective analysis of the outcomes of 61 patients who underwent thoracic surgeries performed for symptomatic T-OLF. In all the patients, whole spine lesions were evaluated preoperatively. We examined the factors related to poor outcomes (the recovery rate of the Japanese Orthopedic Association score for thoracic myelopathy is less than 40%) following OLF surgeries. We further compared the clinical outcomes according to whether there is concurrent LCS, and determined the optimal surgical approach.Results: The prevalence of T-OLF increased in an age-dependent manner. Forty-six cases (75.4%) were considered to be tandem T-OLF and LCS (LCS group). An advanced age, and concurrent LCS were associated with a poor outcome after the surgery, rather than type of surgical procedure, the local T-OLF size, configuration, the number of OLF lesions, or radiographic cervical stenosis. The LCS group significantly included a greater number of elderly, and more light-weighted patients with Modic change in thoracic spine and a greater SVA, resulting in the lower neurological recovery. Additional lumbar surgery (13cases) effectively improved both the T-JOA and L-JOA scores (from 6.5 ± 2.0 points to 8.0 ± 1.8 points, p=0.0406, and from 14.5 ± 4.7 points to 20.7 ± 2.6 points, p=0.001, respectively) in OLF patients with LCS.Conclusions: T-OLF was highly combined with other spinal disorders. Poor outcomes in T-OLF surgery could be associated with age and concurrent LCS, and an additional surgery for another lumbar lesion significantly improved neurological findings in T-OLF patients.