Surveillance Study (2000 to 2001) of G- and P-Type Human Rotaviruses Circulating in South Korea

Abstract

Human rotavirus VP4 and VP7 gene sequences were amplified by reverse transcription-PCR from 53% (322 of 607) of fecal specimens collected from children with severe diarrhea who visited hospitals in six urban areas of South Korea in 2000 and 2001. G2 was the most frequently found G type (constituted 50.6%), followed by G1 (30.1%) and G4 (13.0%). Although the P types of high incidence were P[4] (53.1%) and P[8] (21.4%), a significant incidence of P[6] (20.2%) was also noticeable. The commonest G-and P-type combination found in this study was G2P[4], rather than G1P[8], the most prevalent type known worldwide.Rotaviruses are the major etiological agent of gastroenteritis and cause vomiting, diarrhea, and fever in infants and young children worldwide (8). Rotaviruses are divided into seven groups (groups A to G) on the basis of their antigenic properties. Group A rotaviruses are further divided into the G and the P subtypes according to the antigenic property of the VP7 protein (glycoprotein) and the VP4 protein (protease-susceptible protein), respectively. To date, 10 G types have been identified in humans, but most cases of human infection are associated with four G types (types G1 to G4), of which G1 is the most prevalent worldwide (5, 10). It is well established that the G serotypes coincide with the G genotypes, while P serotypes are classified by a system different from that used to classify P genotypes. Types P[4] and P[8] are most frequently found in humans (according to convention, P genotypes are indicated with brackets). Recent studies, however, indicated the emergence of novel P types in different parts of world (3,11) Rotavirus infection is the most common cause of acute diarrhea in infants and young children in South Korea (14). To monitor the diversity of rotavirus strains circulating in the country, we carried out an analysis of 607 fecal specimens collected from infants and young children with acute diarrhea who visited 18 urban hospitals and four clinical laboratories scattered around the six provinces of the country from January 2000 to April 2001. The fecal suspension (10% in phosphatebuffered saline) was centrifuged at 10,000 ϫ g for 10 min, and the double-stranded viral RNA was extracted by treatment of the supernatant with phenol-chloroform-1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, as described previously (6). Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR was performed with the consensus primers Beg9 and End9 to amplify the VP7 gene sequence in full (1,062 bp) and primers Con2 and Con3 to amplify the VP4 gene sequence (877 bp). A second-round, multiplex PCR was performed with primers specific for G types (G1, G2, G3, G4, G8, and G9) and P types (P[4], P[6], P[8], P[9], and P[10]), as described previously (4, 6). The G and P types were determined from the migration rates of the amplicons in a 1.2% agarose gel. Among the 607 stool samples 322 (53.0%) were positive for rotavirus RNA by RT-PCR. The presence of rotaviral antigens was determined by a latex agglutination assay (Biomerieux, Marcy l'Etoile, France) and an enzyme-li...

Genetic distribution of group A human rotavirus types isolated in Gyunggi province of Korea, 1999–2002

“…A high level of protection was reported against G1, G3, G4 and G9 with P[8], but lower efficacy was reported against G2P[4] (Salinas et al, 2005;Ruiz-Palacios et al, 2006;Vesikari et al, 2006). In this study, G2P[4] strain and P[6] were detected with a high frequency of 40.9% and 14.8%, consistent with other results from the same period (Min et al, 2004).…”

Explaining Attitudes towards Self‐employment among Immigrants: A Canadian Case Study

“…Attitudes towards entrepreneurship may be associated with a person's social background and upbringing, or what Pierre Bourdieu calls habitus (Bourdieu, 1977;1984;1988;2002). Habitus regulates social practices among groups in a similar manner as the rulebook of a game regulates interaction between the players.…”

“…Ley uses a similar comparison to a "game" that was also applied by Bourdieu, and suggests that attitudes towards work may be strategically modified to suit a The willingness to use unpaid family members is an important aspect of attitudes towards self-employment. Immigrant businesses often draw on family members as a source for labour (Light, 1972;Min, 1988). Edna Bonacich (1993) refers to the often substandard working conditions in immigrant businesses as the "other side" of ethnic entrepreneurship.…”

Sequence analysis of human rotavirus strains: comparison of clinical isolates from Northern and Southern Italy

“…It was identified that a G4P [10] strain, two G8P[10] [9] strains, and two other strains found in Ghana were G9P [10] genotypes [4]. Only one strain, G2P [10], was identified in South Korea during a surveillance study conducted in 2000-2001 [30].…”