Suspension arrays based on nanoparticle-encoded microspheres for high-throughput multiplexed detection

Abstract

Spectrometrically or optically encoded microsphere based suspension array technology (SAT) is applicable to the high-throughput, simultaneous detection of multiple analytes within a small, single sample volume. Thanks to the rapid development of nanotechnology, tremendous progress has been made in the multiplexed detecting capability, sensitivity, and photostability of suspension arrays. In this review, we first focus on the current stock of nanoparticle-based barcodes as well as the manufacturing technologies required for their production. We then move on to discuss all existing barcode-based bioanalysis patterns, including the various labels used in suspension arrays, label-free platforms, signal amplification methods, and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based platforms. We then introduce automatic platforms for suspension arrays that use superparamagnetic nanoparticle-based microspheres. Finally, we summarize the current challenges and their proposed solutions, which are centered on improving encoding capacities, alternative probe possibilities, nonspecificity suppression, directional immobilization, and “point of care” platforms. Throughout this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive guide for the design of suspension arrays, with the goal of improving their performance in areas such as multiplexing capacity, throughput, sensitivity, and cost effectiveness. We hope that our summary on the state-of-the-art development of these arrays, our commentary on future challenges, and some proposed avenues for further advances will help drive the development of suspension array technology and its related fields.

Brightly luminescent colloidal Ag–In–S nanoparticles stabilized in aqueous solutions by branched polyethyleneimine

“…[3,5]). Alternative method of NP assembly is the NP incorporation into the nano/micro-particles of silica -the so-called "raisin bun" structures [4,8,14,15]. The latter method can also be used for production of silica particles containing various sets of semiconductor NPs with a different size and, therefore, having different PL color.…”

“…To increase the contrast and the in vivo trackability of the NP-based luminescent bio-markers the NPs are often collected into assemblies containing several to tens of NPs which, when attached to a target bio-molecule, produce a much stronger luminescent signal as compared to single NPs [4,8]. Typically, the NP-containing assemblies are produced using microball-like polymer macromolecules capable of binding to the NP surface (for example polyethylene glycol [3,5,6,[9][10][11], phospholipids [12,13], various block-copolymers, DNAs, etc.…”

“…Luminescent semiconductor nanoparticles (NPs) are currently broadly recognized as perspective agents for bio-labeling, that is the marking and in vitro/vivo luminescent tracking of various bio-active species [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. The semiconductor NPs feature a series of benefits over conventional fluorescent dyes and proteins, including high chemical and photochemical stability, versatile NP surface chemistry allowing for the conjugation to various bio-active molecules, broad absorption bands facilitating the multi-wavelength excitation of the "NP-biomolecule" assemblies, high (up to 80-90%) quantum yield (QY) of PL as well as size-dependence of the spectral parameters allowing to vary the PL color and hue by tailoring the composition, size and size distribution of the NPs [1][2][3][4][5][6][7].…”

High Throughput Detection Methods for Multiplex Mycotoxins

“…DNA and protein microarray techniques mainly composed of spotting robot, hybridization chamber and chip scanner. DNA microarray usually is applied in high throughput detection for multiplex mycotoxin biosynthesis genes [69]. Protein microarray based on specificity reaction of antibodies and antigens has been used to detect multiplex mycotoxins.…”

Dual-spectra encoded suspension array using reversed-phase microemulsion UV curing and electrostatic self-assembling

“…4 Among them, the optical barcode is considered to be the most appealing technique. 19,20 Fluorescence is most common optical encoding method which endows microbeads with different spectral addresses by utilizing various of intensities and wavelengths, then each microbead could distinguish from others in the multiplexed detection. Organic dyes, 17 as important uorescent encoding materials, have attracted a great deal of attention and been used in commercial suspension arrays.…”