Suspension polymerization technique: parameters affecting polymer properties and application in oxidation reactions

Upgrading poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) beads: Incorporation of organomodified metal‐free semiconductor graphitic carbon nitride through suspension photopolymerization to generate photoactive resins

“…In a typical suspension polymerization; the organic phase (initiator, monomer, and solvent/nonsolvent as porogen) is dispersed in aqueous media with a stabilizer, and proper shear or mechanical agitation is applied in order to result in uniform, stable droplets which are then later converted into the corresponding polymer beads. Reaction conditions include physical parameters, such as stirring speed, temperature, time, or equipment dimensions, and chemical parameters as monomer, initiator, cross‐linker and diluent can be altered 26 . Standard recipes operated on industrial scale include styrene mixed with different cross‐linkers such as divinylbenzene (DVB), ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) and triethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (TEGMA), 27,28 resulting for instance in polystyrene–divinylbenzene (PS‐co‐DVB) resins.…”

The Role of Reduced Graphene Oxide in the Suspension Polymerization of Styrene and Its Effect on the Morphology and Thermal Properties of the Polystyrene/rGO Nanocomposites

“…It is well-known that the size of the beads obtained during suspension polymerization depends on many factors, such as: speed of stirring, geometry of the stirrer and reactor, surface tension, monomer viscosity, etc. [ 33 , 34 , 35 ]. In this case, when the other factors were not modified, the most important parameter is the change of the surface tension at the oil–water interface of the suspension, which is connected with using of the reduced graphene oxide.…”

Cross-linked polymer microparticles with tunable surface properties by the combination of suspension free radical copolymerization and Click chemistry

“…A better understanding of the rheological properties of NBSs and a deepened investigation of the role of involved contact forces requires the access to µPs having tailored chemical, physical and structural properties such as: size, size distribution, shape, stiffness, surface roughness and surface chemistry. Suspension (co)polymerization of functionalized (co)monomers is one of the most suitable and versatile heterogeneous polymerization methods for the elaboration of functional polymer µPs in the 10-1000 µm size range with easily tunable composition as well as dimensional, thermal, mechanical, bulk and surface properties [2,[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25]. However, the scope in terms of chemical functionalities of this fast one-pot approach is limited to functionalities compatible with a radical polymerization process in aqueous dispersed media (i.e.…”

“…However, a broader range of functional groups can be introduced at the surface of the µPs obtained by the suspension copolymerization involving functionalized comonomers (e.g. alcohol, halide, amine, epoxy, vinyl or alkyne-functionalized comonomers) followed by post-polymerization chemical modification of residual surface functionalities [18,19,25,26]. Robust, efficient and orthogonal ligation reactions, also coined as Click chemistry reactions [27][28][29][30][31], such as the copper(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), the ring-opening of epoxide groups (ERO), the hetero Diels-Alder as well as thiol-ene and thiol-yne reactions have been applied to the post-polymerization surface modification of polymer particles with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to 10 µm obtained by dispersion [32], precipitation [33,34], (micro)emulsion [35][36][37] or seeded [38] polymerization techniques [39].…”