Sustainable development goals perspective: nexus between Christians’ religious tourism, geopolitical risk, and CO2 pollution in Italy

Abstract

Travel and tourism support a country’s economy and improve its social outlook. The religious inclination is an important factor influencing tourism and constitutes a significant part of general tourism. Thus, assessing and evaluating its real impacts on a country is crucial. As the world continues to grapple with the effects of environmental degradation, numerous studies have delved into the research between tourism, energy consumption, and pollution emissions. However, the impact of religious tourism on the environment is often overlooked. To bridge this gap, this study explores the relationship between religious tourist arrivals, geopolitical risk, and environmental quality in Italy. By employing ARDL and wavelets coherence analysis on the Italian data from 1997 to 2019, the findings of this study reveal a mitigation effect of religious tourist arrivals and geopolitical risk on CO 2 pollution levels. In contrast, it highlights the significance of foreign direct investment and transportation as significant contributors to CO 2 pollution. In conclusion, the study highlights the crucial role that religious tourism and religious leaders can play in mitigating environmental pollution and the importance of considering this aspect in future environmental studies as well as emphasize the need for Italian authorities to pay close attention to the impact of foreign direct investment and transportation energy consumption on the environment to achieve sustainable development goals.

Analisis Bibliometrik Investasi Asing Langsung Terkait Penelitian Pariwisata Berbasis Database Ilmiah Scopus

“…Economic Analysis Commerce (Abbasi et al, 2023), (Xue et al, 2023), (Bui et al, 2023), (Hussein et al, 2021), (Arulmozhi et al, 2019) Carbon Emission (Zheng et al, 2023), (Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2023), (Nawaz et al, 2023), (Xue et al, 2023), (Pata et al, 2023) sustainable tourism (Y. Chen et al, 2023), (Xue et al, 2023), , (Nathaniel et al, 2023), (Sokhanvar & Jenkins, 2022a) air transportation economic impact (Zheng et al, 2023), (Bekun, Adedoyin, et al, 2022), (Adedoyin et al, 2020), investments (Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2021), (Vasanicova et al, 2021), (O'Connor et al, 2020, (H. U. R. Khan et al, 2019) environmental policy carbon footprint (Wang et al, 2023), (Bekun, Gyamfi, et al, 2022), (Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2021), (Fatima et al, 2021) innovation (Kilinc-Ata & Alshami, 2023), (Ehigiamusoe et al, 2023), (Abbasi et al, 2023), (Wang et al, 2023), (Bekun, Gyamfi, et al, 2022) economic growth international tourism (Qamruzzaman, 2023), (Balsalobre-Lorente et al, 2023), (Kilinc-Ata & Alshami, 2023), (Xue et al, 2023), (Q.…”