Sustainable green networking: exploiting degrees of freedom towards energy-efficient 5G systems

Abstract

The carbon footprint concern in the development and deployment of 5G new radio systems has drawn the attention to several stakeholders. In this article, we analyze the critical power consuming component of all candidate 5G system architectures-the power amplifier (PA)-and propose PA-centric resource management solutions for green 5G communications. We discuss the impact of ongoing trends in cellular communications on sustainable green networking and analyze two communications architectures that allow exploiting the extra degrees-of-freedom (DoF) from multi-antenna and massive antenna deployments: small cells/distributed antenna network and massive MIMO. For small cell systems with a moderate number of antennas, we propose a peak to average power ratio-aware resource allocation scheme for joint orthogonal frequency and space division multiple access. For massive MIMO systems, we develop a highly parallel recurrent neural network for energy-efficient precoding. Simulation results for representative 5G deployment scenarios demonstrate an energy efficiency improvement of one order of magnitude or higher with respect to current state-of-the-art solutions.

Social and Economic Contribution of 5G and Blockchain With Green Computing: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities

“…mMIMO systems, an extremely parallel continual neural network (NN) for energy-efficient precoding. Simulation consequences for emblematical 5G readying premise exhibit an energy efficiency transmutation of one command order of magnitude or high with esteem to the actual state-of-the-art method can be formulated [54]. Green Cell-free mMIMO networks intelligibly amend the doable energy efficiency.…”

“…[31] IEEE Access [60], [14], [40], [66], [55] IEEE Transactions on Green Communications and Networking [17] International Conference on Information Science and Communication Technology (ICISCT) IEEE [61] IEEE Network [62], [64], [65], [74] IEEE communications magazine [43] Springer International Conference on Industrial Networks and Intelligent Systems [18] Springer Wireless Networks [54] Springer Mobile Networks and Applications [44] Another search notch is mostly study is supported on security problems, low latency, privacy, transparency, and high speed but according to this study, there is no work found on smart energy. It can be ascertained to hold on to the energy consumption.…”

Artificial Intelligence Defined 5G Radio Access Networks

“…These networks were originally applied to solve linear programming problems and inspired various researches to address nonlinear problems. RNNs are capable of automatically extracting nonlinear system features that are invariant to the environment and can outperform traditional approaches in PHY signal processing [10].…”

A Capacity-Enhanced Local Search for the 5G Cell Switch-off Problem

“…This is specially critical in the third one, which is the target of this work, as 5G networks require the deployment of a large number of small base stations (SBSs), which are close to the mobile users, resulting in the so-called ultra-dense networks (UDN) [9,12]. Indeed, these dense deployments come with a considerable increase in the power consumption of the system as SBSs are the most consuming device of the network (between 50% to 80%), regardless of its load [19]. In order to address this issue, an already standardized strategy [1] is to switch off a subset of the SBSs in periods of low demand.…”