“…External factors include macroeconomic factors, economic policies, financial markets, industry technology, and upstream and downstream supply chains (Appiah et al, 2019; Cardoza et al, 2015), whereas internal characteristics mainly include productivity, managerial characteristics, financial capabilities, and innovation (Bianchi & Stoian, 2022; Di Gregorio et al, 2009; Zimon et al, 2022). In the era of digital economy, the speed of knowledge diffusion is accelerating (Salehi & Sadeq Alanbari, 2023), and a large number of empirical studies have shown that information technology or digital technology is a key force in enhancing the international competitiveness of SMEs (Peña-Vinces et al, 2012; Wen et al, 2022).…”