Sustainable use and genetic improvement

Abstract

5University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria and has benefited greatly from the fact that developed country animal genetic resources are well characterized and relatively freely exchanged. Where proper steps have been followed by careful assessment of demand, execution, delivery, impact and cost-benefit analyses, successful within-breed improvement has been realized within indigenous populations in developing countries. Breeding objectives and programmes for subsistence oriented and pastoralist systems are likely to be entirely different from conventional programmes. Crossbreeding has been most successful where it is followed by a rigorous selection programme involving livestock owners' participation and substantial public sector investment in the form of technical support. In any genetic improvement programme, inbreeding needs to be monitored and controlled.Within-breed genetic improvement is normal practice in the developed world, and has become a highly technical enterprise, involving a range of reproduction, recording, computing and genomic technologies. Emerging genomic technologies promise the ability to identify better, use and improve developing world animal genetic resources in the foreseeable future. Useful systems can, however, be established without the need for application of advanced technology or processes. RésuméOn propose une utilisation durable des ressources génétiques animales pour l'agriculture et l'alimentation comme meilleure stratégie pour la conservation de la diversité. Atteindre l'utilisation durable permettra d'améliorer la qualité de vie et diminuera le risque à long terme de la survie des populations animales. L'amélioration génétique peut entraîner le choix de races plus appropiées, races plus pures adaptées ou un système de croisement de races et l'application de l'amélioration génétique à l'intérieur de la race elle-même. Le choix de la race et des systèmes de croisement de races dans les pays en développement a été un des facteurs qui a influencé le plus l'augmentation de la productivité et a bénéficier largement le fait que dans les pays développés les ressources génétiques animales soient bien caractérisées et puissent bénéficier d'un mouvement relativement libre. Là où les démarches appropriées ont été suivies à travers des évaluations correctes sur la demande, l'exécution, la remise, l'impact et l'analyse de coût-bénéfice, le succès de l'amélioration à l'intérieur de la race a tout de suite été atteint avec les population indigènes dans les pays en développement. Les objectifs d'amélioration et les programmes pour la subsistance et les systèmes de pâturage seront différents des programmes conventionnels. Les croisements de races ont eu plus de succès lorsqu'un programme de sélection rigoureux a été suivi et quand la participation des éleveurs et une partie du secteur public a été présente en forme d'investissement et appui technique. Dans tout programme d'amélioration génétique il est nécessaire de contrôler et faire un suivi de la consanguini...

Strategies for Sustainable Use of Indigenous Cattle Genetic Resources in Southern Africa

“…To reduce inbreeding within the herds, rotation of bulls between communities could be practised [37]. Such in situ conservation with sustainable use of indigenous cattle should allow them to continuously evolve and reproduce, and produce while adapting to the changing environment [46]. Given the multiple roles of cattle and multiple objectives of smallholder farmers [7], it is important to develop multiple trait selection indices for simultaneous improvement of traits of economic importance.…”

“…The identification of breeding objectives in smallholder areas should consider market and non-market interests of farmers. To improve production through crossing with exotic breeds, careful selection and judicious crossbreeding of indigenous breeds with unique traits in combination with relevant biotechnologies may improve sustainable use of cattle genetic resources in the region [46]. Terminal offspring should not be used in the breeding programme but sold for economic benefits to the farmers.…”

“…Government and civic society organisations should provide support for the development of community-based healthcare services such as mobile cost recovery drug boxes [46,74] to complement farmer efforts. This could make significant contributions to the sustainable use of cattle genetic resources in the region by reducing health related losses and costs.…”

Italian animal genetic resources in the Domestic Animal Diversity Information System of FAO

“…studs, research centers, etc) as outlined by Pizzi et al, 2009. For in situ conservation, the priority goes to an efficient and coordinated conservation activity (Nimbkar et al, 2008;Woolliams et al, 2008;FAO, 2010a), including the promotion of the ItAnGR and the valorization of their products, also for environmental protection, landscape preservation and tourism exploitation (Rege, 1999;Gandini et al, 2010;LPP et al, 2010). The relationships between DAD-IS database and all activities involved in ItAnGR characterization, monitoring, conservation and valorization are very important.…”

Determining Genetic Similarity and Genetic Diversity in Selected Alexandria Chickens Using Rapd Technique

“…Most of our developed local strains originated from cross breeding programs (Kosba and Abd El-Halim, 2008). So, crossbreeding can be used as an effective tool that allows manipulating of genetic variation to change the productive performance of these local strains in a fashion that attempts to optimize the desired phenotype and also to obtain crosses enjoyed with improved fitness and fertility traits (Willham and Pollak, 1985;Hanafi and Iraqi, 2001;Mekky et al, 2008 andNimbkar, et al, 2008). A lot of researches do their best to develop this selected line (Kosba, 1966).…”