Symptomatology and management of acute grief

Lindemann, Erich

doi:10.1007/bf01770375

Cited by 207 publications

(245 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Furthermore, the fact that better functioning was not more likely with greater time since the death indicated that bereavement for a deceased child might contribute to persistent problems lasting over several decades for many parents. Neither traditional conceptualizations of grief as having a time-limited impact followed by a return to normal functioning (e.g., Lindemann, 1944) nor the concept of a traumatic grief reaction (Prigerson et al, 1999) in the form of persistent severe symptoms following a death captures the type of long-term difficulties revealed by the current investigation. Instead, the findings are more consistent with a picture of lasting grief associated with this highly significant, often unexpected, and unexplainable loss.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Traditional models that described the grief response (e.g., Lindemann, 1944) proposed that grief reactions should be completed within a few weeks to a few months after a death. However, Becvar's (2000) research, for example, suggested that a more typical time line of grief begins with shock and intense grief for 2 weeks, followed by 2 months of strong grieving, and then a slow recovery that takes about 2 years.…”

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Long-term effects of the death of a child on parents' adjustment in midlife.

Rogers

Floyd

Seltzer

et al. 2008

Journal of Family Psychology

262

237

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The death of a child is a traumatic event that can have long-term effects on the lives of parents. This study examined bereaved parents of deceased children (infancy to age 34) and comparison parents with similar backgrounds (n = 428 per group) identified in the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study. An average of 18.05 years following the death, when parents were age 53, bereaved parents reported more depressive symptoms, poorer well-being, and more health problems and were more likely to have experienced a depressive episode and marital disruption than were comparison parents. Recovery from grief was associated with having a sense of life purpose and having additional children but was unrelated to the cause of death or the amount of time since the death. The results point to the need for detection and intervention to help those parents who are experiencing lasting grief. Keywords bereavement; nonnormative parenting; death of child; parental grief; midlife Each year, over 50,000 U.S. children die (U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, 2000). The death of a child is one of the most painful events that an adult can experience and is linked to complicated/traumatic grief reactions (Prigerson et al., 1999). For parents, the dissolution of the attachment relationship with the child elicits severe anxiety and other negative emotions associated with loss (Bowlby, 1980). Parents might also experience guilt about having been unable to protect the child (Gilbert, 1997). Furthermore, because the death of a child defies the expected order of life events, many parents experience the event as a challenge to basic existential assumptions (Wheeler, 2001).In light of the significance of child death as a traumatic experience for parents, research on parental bereavement is more limited than might be expected. Most studies have been clinical NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript descriptions of participants in grief support groups (e.g., Compassionate Friends), so the findings likely have been influenced both by the self-selection factors that led individuals to seek this type of help and by the participants' experiences in the support groups. As a result, the findings cannot be generalized to the broader population of bereaved parents. Furthermore, drawing from traditional models of grief resolution that emphasize relatively short-term adaptations, researchers have usually assessed functioning for only a brief period during the acute phase of bereavement. Few studies have examined longer term outcomes, and most that have done so have used retrospective reports, which are subject to distortion when individuals recall their functioning many years earlier (e.g., Nelson & Frantz, 1996;Stehbens & Lascari, 1974).The purpose of the present study was to examine the life course impacts of parental bereavement in an unselected sample of adults who were studied prospectively from early adulthood, prior to the birth of the child, to middle age, usually many years after the death of the child. We ide...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Nih-pa Author Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Long-term effects of the death of a child on parents' adjustment in midlife.

Rogers

Floyd

Seltzer

et al. 2008

Journal of Family Psychology

262

237

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, there is ample evidence to indicate the negative effects of bereavement on psychiatric and physical morbidity, 1 and an increased risk and severity of depressive symptoms, [2][3][4] anxiety, 5 poor physical health, 6,7 immunological dysfunction, 8,9 increased adrenocortical activity, 10 and increased mortality. 11 Since the early works of Freud 12 and Lindemann, 13 a considerable number of conceptual and empirical studies on grief have been performed. A question common to most of the empirical studies is whether grief can influence the future health of the bereaved.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[14][15][16][17] Grief includes syndromal clusters of cognitive, emotional, somatic, and behavioral symptoms, 13,18,19 and consists of multidimensional processes. 20 …”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and research measures of grief: A reconsideration

Tomita

Kitamura

2002

Comprehensive Psychiatry

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“…Most of our subjects (75.7%) did recover with anxiolytics and antidepressants alone. In the so called 'grief symptoms' lucidly described by Lindemann [14], after a fire in the Boston club with 500 fatalities, a period of 4 to 6 weeks. was thought to be sufficient for these symptoms to develop.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Poly-Trauma Cases

Saldanha

Kapoor

et al. 1996

Medical Journal Armed Forces India

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Six hundred and one patients, who sustained injuries in militant activities, admitted during a 7 month period to a zonal referral hospital were studied. The majority, 54.6% from the Armed Forces an,d 38.8% from the para-military forces, were in the age group of 22-53 years. There were 40 (6.7%) civilian caspalties. These were in the age group of20-45 years. A large number (75.7%) of the casualties manifested with ppst-traumatic stress .symptoms. 24.3% of them were rated as post-traumatic stress disorder. Six months follow~up revealed persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder in 17.1% of the cases. By one year. 42.1% who responded to the follow-up letters had persistence of post-traumatic stress disorder in 4.95%. Early recognition of this psychic trauma and preventive strategies are discussed. MJAFI 1996; 52: 35-39

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Symptomatology and management of acute grief

Cited by 207 publications

References 8 publications

Long-term effects of the death of a child on parents' adjustment in midlife.

Long-term effects of the death of a child on parents' adjustment in midlife.

Clinical and research measures of grief: A reconsideration

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Poly-Trauma Cases

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