Syntactic tools for text watermarking

Meral, Hasan Mesut; Sevinc, Emre; Unkar, E.; Sankur, B.; Özsoy, A. Sumru; Güngör, Tunga

doi:10.1117/12.708111

Cited by 34 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A better way of evaluating the distortion made by a natural language watermarking system is measuring the distortion at the full text level. So we measure subjective rate by human as H.M.Meral et al [2] used. The evaluation method is to let human evaluate the texts and show their reactions by editing attempts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…H.M.Meral et al [2] proposed 21 syntactic tools for Turkish text watermarking, and O. Takizawa et al [14] suggested the adjustment to new line positions for Japanese text. This method has limitations that the message sender and recipient must share the same secret rule table, and the total rate of embedding is too low.…”

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Text watermarking aims at embedding additional information in the text itself with the goals of subliminal communication and hidden information transport, of content and authorship authentication, and finally of enriching the text with metadata [2]. The watermarking techniques have been explored extensively for multimedia documents in the last decade [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Language Watermarking for Korean Using Adverbial Displacement

Kim

2008

2008 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering (Mue 2008)

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This paper explores the method for Korean text watermarking and develops a syntactic tree-based adverbial displacement scheme. Korean, as an agglutinative language, provides a good ground for the syntactic tree-based natural language watermarking because syntactic constituent order is relatively free -especially syntactic adverbial. Our proposed natural language watermarking method consists of six procedures. First, we construct a syntactic dependency tree of unmarked text. Next, we perform clausal segmentation from the syntactic tree. Third, we choose a target adverbial constituent, which will be displaced within its clause. Then, we embed a watermark bit. Fifth, if the watermark bit does not coincide with the direction of the target adverbial displacement, we displace the target adverbial constituent in the syntactic tree. Finally, from the modified syntactic tree, we obtain a marked text. From the experimental results, we show that the coverage of our method outperforms that of previous systems, and the rate of unnatural sentences of marked text is better than that of previous systems. Experimental results also show that the marked text keeps the same style, and it also has the same information without semantic distortion.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Previous Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural Language Watermarking for Korean Using Adverbial Displacement

Kim

2008

2008 International Conference on Multimedia and Ubiquitous Engineering (Mue 2008)

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Section: 서 론 1)unclassified

Text Watermarking Based on Syntactic Constituent Movement

Kim¹

2009

The KIPS Transactions:PartB

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This paper explores a method of text watermarking for agglutinative languages and develops a syntactic tree-based syntactic constituent movement scheme. Agglutinative languages provide a good ground for the syntactic tree-based natural language watermarking because syntactic constituent order is relatively free. Our proposed natural language watermarking method consists of seven procedures. First, we construct a syntactic dependency tree of unmarked text. Next, we perform clausal segmentation from the syntactic tree. Third, we choose target syntactic constituents, which will move within its clause. Fourth, we determine the movement direction of the target constituents. Then, we embed a watermark bit for each target constituent. Sixth, if the watermark bit does not coincide with the direction of the target constituent movement, we displace the target constituent in the syntactic tree. Finally, from the modified syntactic tree, we obtain a marked text. From the experimental results, we show that the coverage of our method is 91.53%, and the rate of unnatural sentences of marked text is 23.16%, which is better than that of previous systems. Experimental results also show that the marked text keeps the same style, and it has the same information without semantic distortion.

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“…Ünkar parsed the Turkish sentences for text watermarking [24]. In this study word types are not detailed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contex Free Grammer For Turkish

Dönmez

Adalı

2018

SDÜ Fen Bil Enst Der

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Formal Grammar which is introduced by Chomsky is one of the most important development in Natural Language Processing, a branch of Artificial Intelligence. The mathematical reresentation of languages can be possible using Formal Grammars. Almost all natural languages have word classes such as noun, adjective, verb. In addition to this one sentence consist of noun phrase and verb phrase. Noun phrase may consist of location, destination and source elements. Despite many similarities between the languages, there exist important dissimilarities in grammar rules of the languages belonging to different language families. In our study the most appropriate formal grammar representing Turkish language is investigated. Accuracy of the suggested grammars' rules is evaluated in two different corpus. This study is the enhanced version of "Turkish Context Free Grammar Rules with Case Suffix and Phrase Relation" that was presented on UBMK 2016 International Conference on Computer Science & Engineering [1]. Different from the first study, this study includes all word and sentence types of Turkish. Adjectives and prepositions are considered. The quoted sentences, incomplete sentences and question sentences are included. The genitive phrase structures including verbal word are included. In this study, the noun phrases are also defined in detail.

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Syntactic tools for text watermarking

Cited by 34 publications

References 15 publications

Natural Language Watermarking for Korean Using Adverbial Displacement

Natural Language Watermarking for Korean Using Adverbial Displacement

Text Watermarking Based on Syntactic Constituent Movement

Contex Free Grammer For Turkish

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