Syntheses of xylan stearate nanoparticles with loading function from by-products of viscose fiber mills

A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

“…XNPs are strong nanoparticles that have breaking resistance [ 33 ]. XNPs have outstanding properties as other natural-derived nanoparticles, such as biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, non-immunogenic, and antitumor [ 16 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Due to those properties, XNPs can be used as an adhesive; thickener; emulsifier; stabilizer; additive to plastic, paper, or textile manufacture; magnetite particle carrier; prodrug, and drug carrier; wound dressing; and hydrogels [ 16 , 33 ].…”

“…In the precipitation method, xylan solution is direct introduced into another certain solution to form the XNPs, such as acid solution [ 33 ], ethanol [ 16 ], ethyl ether [ 36 , 37 ], or water [ 38 ]. The XNPs from the precipitation method tended to have an irregular shape [ 33 , 39 ], while the roughly uniform spherical XNPs could be formed by the dialysis method [ 34 , 35 , 38 ]. Kumar et al [ 39 ] reported that the average diameter of XNPs reached 103 ± 21 nm, which is suitable as a drug carrier.…”

“…Moreover, additional steps are necessary to functionalize the XNPs or the drugs in drug delivery application so that the special linkages can be formed. Previous studies have carried out the XNPs or drug functionalizations using several compounds, such as formic acid [ 33 ], acetic acid [ 16 ], succinic anhydride [ 34 ], stearic acid [ 35 , 36 ], 3,3′-dithiodipropionic acid [ 37 ], N - N′ -carbonyl diimidazole [ 35 , 38 ], and cholesteryl [ 40 ].…”

“…Due to this unique interaction, an in vitro drug loading mechanism is more appropriate to incorporate the drugs into this biopolymer structure. Previous studies frequently used XNPs as a prodrug carrier, such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) [ 33 ], 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) [ 16 ], curcumin [ 34 ], ibuprofen [ 38 ], ketoprofen [ 35 ], and doxorubicin [ 40 ], where the carried drugs became active drugs after the degradation of XNPs on the targeted site. Kumar et al [ 33 ] and Sauraj et al [ 16 ] investigated the in vitro drug loading of 5-ASA and 5-FU, respectively.…”

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Glycidyl Metharcylate/Phaytic Acid-Based on Bagasse Xylan Composite Derivative

“…Some grafted monomers, such as polyhexa-methylene guanidine hydrochloride [ 7 ] and acrylamide [ 8 , 9 ] have been due to their excellent antibacterial and mechanical properties. In esterification, acids such as sulfuric acid [ 10 , 11 ], stearic acid [ 12 ] and butyric acid [ 13 ] have been used as esterification agents to synthesize the functional derivatives of xylan, for instance, with anti-HSV, anticoagulation and anti-inflammatory properties. With the free radical polymerization technique, a polymeric chain was incorporated into the xylan backbone through a covalent chemical bond.…”