The three‐dimensional (3D) inorganic‐organic hybrid framework cobalt phosphite (C2H6N)[Co1.5(OH)(HPO3)] (CoHPO‐CJ10) was synthesized hydrothermally. Its structure is constructed by the connection of CoO6 octahedra, CoO5N octahedra, HPO3 pseudo‐pyramids, and 1,4‐butanediamine molecules. It exhibits a pillared‐layer structure with an unusual Co/P ratio of 3/2. The 1,4‐butanediamine molecule acts as a pillar to link the adjacent cobalt phosphite layers to form open framework. Interestingly, such structure contains infinite edge‐sharing connected Co–O–Co chains, that are rarely occurred in the structures of cobalt phosphates/phosphites. It was characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR) spectra, UV/Vis spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analyses (TGA), inductively coupled plasma (ICP), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and elemental analyses. It exhibits antiferromagnetic interaction.