“… Fig. 4 (a) Synthesis process of PNIPAAm grafted on modified CNC [ 137 ]; (b) Mechanism of modification of CNC to load with Aln and ApA and conjugation with fluorescent dye RBITC [ 138 ]; (c) Release profile of ampicillin from alginate-CNC composite [ 139 ]; (d) Rifampicin drug release profile in gastric (pH 1.2) juices (left) and intestinal (pH 7.4) juices (right) [ 141 ]; (e) Confocal microscopy images of PC-3, Du 145, and HT-29 cells with treatment of curcumin, curcumin-CD, and Curcumin-CD/CNCs. Green fluorescence shows the presence of curcumin [ 144 ]; (f) View of before (i) and after (ii) injection of hydrogel, Dissection of mice after 10 min injection of hydrogel (iii), histological images of implantation of gel into mice at 0 (iv), 2 (v), 4 (vi), 8 (vii), 12 (viii) and 16 (ix) days.…”
Section: Delivery Of Active Molecules/therapeutic Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The developed beads demonstrated the sustained release pattern at pH 6.8 and 7.4 [ 140 ]. Thomas and co-workers fabricated pH-sensitive alginate/CNCs hybrids for rifampicin oral drug delivery [ 141 ]. Rifampicin is a strong antibiotic drug and used in the treatment of tuberculosis.…”
Section: Delivery Of Active Molecules/therapeutic Agentsmentioning
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
“… Fig. 4 (a) Synthesis process of PNIPAAm grafted on modified CNC [ 137 ]; (b) Mechanism of modification of CNC to load with Aln and ApA and conjugation with fluorescent dye RBITC [ 138 ]; (c) Release profile of ampicillin from alginate-CNC composite [ 139 ]; (d) Rifampicin drug release profile in gastric (pH 1.2) juices (left) and intestinal (pH 7.4) juices (right) [ 141 ]; (e) Confocal microscopy images of PC-3, Du 145, and HT-29 cells with treatment of curcumin, curcumin-CD, and Curcumin-CD/CNCs. Green fluorescence shows the presence of curcumin [ 144 ]; (f) View of before (i) and after (ii) injection of hydrogel, Dissection of mice after 10 min injection of hydrogel (iii), histological images of implantation of gel into mice at 0 (iv), 2 (v), 4 (vi), 8 (vii), 12 (viii) and 16 (ix) days.…”
Section: Delivery Of Active Molecules/therapeutic Agentsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The developed beads demonstrated the sustained release pattern at pH 6.8 and 7.4 [ 140 ]. Thomas and co-workers fabricated pH-sensitive alginate/CNCs hybrids for rifampicin oral drug delivery [ 141 ]. Rifampicin is a strong antibiotic drug and used in the treatment of tuberculosis.…”
Section: Delivery Of Active Molecules/therapeutic Agentsmentioning
Nanocellulose, a biopolymer, has received wide attention from researchers owing to its superior physicochemical properties, such as high mechanical strength, low density, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. Nanocellulose can be extracted from wide range of sources, including plants, bacteria, and algae. Depending on the extraction process and dimensions (diameter and length), they are categorized into three main types: cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC). CNCs are a highly crystalline and needle-like structure, whereas CNFs have both amorphous and crystalline regions in their network. BNC is the purest form of nanocellulose. The nanocellulose properties can be tuned by chemical functionalization, which increases its applicability in biomedical applications. This review highlights the fabrication of different surface-modified nanocellulose to deliver active molecules, such as drugs, proteins, and plasmids. Nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules is profoundly affected by its topographical structure and the interaction between the loaded molecules and nanocellulose. The applications of nanocellulose and its composites in tissue engineering have been discussed. Finally, the review is concluded with further opportunities and challenges in nanocellulose-mediated delivery of active molecules.
“…A slow initial drug release of only 10-15% was observed in 2 h, which gradually increased up to 100% in 12 h on increasing the pH to 7.4. The L929 cell lines were used to perform the MTT assay, which demonstrated the % cell viability to be nearing 100% [27]. In a different study, Viswanathan and his colleagues developed mannosylated gelatin NP of licorice.…”
Tuberculosis (TB) classified as one of the most fatal contagious diseases is of prime concern globally. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent that ingresses within the host cells. The approved conventional regimen, though the only viable option available, is unfavorably impacting the quality of life of the affected individual. Despite newer antibiotics gaining light, there is an unending demand for more therapeutic alternatives. Therefore, substantial continuous endeavors are been undertaken to come up with novel strategies to curb the disease, the stepping stone being nanotechnology. This approach is instrumental in overcoming the anomalies associated with conventional therapy owing to their intriguing attributes and leads to optimization of the therapeutic effect to a certain extent. This review focusses on the different types of nanocarrier systems that are being currently explored by the researchers for the delivery of anti-tubercular drugs, the outcomes achieved by them, and their prospects.
“…The interactions between CNCs and cargo molecules are regulated by chemical and/or physical modifications. Beside simple mixing, e.g., to produce CNC-alginate nanoparticles in honey (as a surfactant and stabilizer) for rifampicin delivery [94], a facile method to engineer the surface charge of CNCs is through the adsorption of polycations. Sulfuric acidhydrolyzed negatively charged CNC surfaces can be coated with positively-charged polyethylenimine (PEI) to enhance small interfering RNA (siRNA) binding [87].…”
The recent decade has witnessed a growing demand to substitute synthetic materials with naturally-derived platforms for minimizing their undesirable footprints in biomedicine, environment, and ecosystems. Among the natural materials, cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer in the world with key properties, such as biocompatibility, biorenewability, and sustainability has drawn significant attention. The hierarchical structure of cellulose fibers, one of the main constituents of plant cell walls, has been nanoengineered and broken down to nanoscale building blocks, providing an infrastructure for nanomedicine. Microorganisms, such as certain types of bacteria, are another source of nanocelluloses known as bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), which benefit from high purity and crystallinity. Chemical and mechanical treatments of cellulose fibrils made up of alternating crystalline and amorphous regions have yielded cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), hairy CNC (HCNC), and cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with dimensions spanning from a few nanometers up to several microns. Cellulose nanocrystals and nanofibrils may readily bind drugs, proteins, and nanoparticles through physical interactions or be chemically modified to covalently accommodate cargos. Engineering surface properties, such as chemical functionality, charge, area, crystallinity, and hydrophilicity, plays a pivotal role in controlling the cargo loading/releasing capacity and rate, stability, toxicity, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose-based delivery platforms. This review provides insights into the recent advances in nanoengineering cellulose crystals and fibrils to develop vehicles, encompassing colloidal *
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