Synthesis and structure of carboxymethylcellulose with a high degree of substitution derived from waste disposable paper cups

Chen, Jing; Li, Huan; Fang, Changqing; Cheng, Youliang; Tan, Tingting; Han, Hanzhi

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116040

Cited by 35 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…It is noteworthy that depending on the source of CMC's cellulose and synthesis procedure, the DS value of CMC varies from one to another. For example, based on different sources, the recommended DS values at optimum condition are 0.17 (Musa paradisiacal fruit) [133]; 0.28 (Musa parasidiaca stem) [133]; 0.29 (oil palm fiber) [134]; 0.31 (palm kernel cake) [134]; 0.33 (Tithonia diversifolia stalk) [133]; 0.35 (M. sinensis) [135]; 0.3-0.4 (cotton fiber) [30][31][32]; 0.51 (seaweed) [136]; 0.67 (sugar beet pulp) [137]; 0.76 (C. papyrus) [135]; 0.80 (E. crassipes) [135]; 0.82 (sago waste) [5]; 0.87 (durian rind) [9]; 1.07 (office waste paper) [19]; 2.39 (corn leaves) [138]; 1.21 (waste disposable paper cups) [139]; 1.76 (water hyacinth) [140]; 2.41 (corn husk) [119], etc. On the other hand, synthesis techniques including the range of concentration of reagents (NaOH, MCA) or reaction temperature and time, significantly impact the DS values.…”

Section: Degree Of Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Then, after ensuring that the pure product is free from other impurities, the suspension is then centrifuged and filtered with a congruous filtration medium [5,8,14,15,18,19,163]. The product is then polished and finalized by performing some post-treatment procedures such as neutralizing with weak acids (e.g., primarily acetic acid is used [9,14,157,160]), washing with alcohol for dewatering and desalting [7,10,16,20,139] and/or acetone [6,163], and finally drying the obtained solid product at a specific temperature (mostly, oven drying is carried out rather than sun drying to maintain the temperature correctly. A flow diagram depicting the entire process of CMC production from its various precursor materials is shown in Figure 2.…”

Section: Synthesis Route Of Cmcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the optimum temperature crossed over 70 • C for the carboxymethylation while using various non-biological waste materials as a precursor of CMC [19,20,139,157]. This phenomenon can be explained by facilitating the forward reaction kinetics of carboxymethylation as the temperature was raised to the optimizing point.…”

Section: Factors Affecting the Characteristics Of Cmc The Temperature Of The Etherification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

et al. 2021

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Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is one of the most promising cellulose derivatives. Due to its characteristic surface properties, mechanical strength, tunable hydrophilicity, viscous properties, availability and abundance of raw materials, low-cost synthesis process, and likewise many contrasting aspects, it is now widely used in various advanced application fields, for example, food, paper, textile, and pharmaceutical industries, biomedical engineering, wastewater treatment, energy production, and storage energy production, and storage and so on. Many research articles have been reported on CMC, depending on their sources and application fields. Thus, a comprehensive and well-organized review is in great demand that can provide an up-to-date and in-depth review on CMC. Herein, this review aims to provide compact information of the synthesis to the advanced applications of this material in various fields. Finally, this article covers the insights of future CMC research that could guide researchers working in this prominent field.

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Section: Degree Of Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Route Of Cmcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Factors Affecting the Characteristics Of Cmc The Temperature Of The Etherification Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

et al. 2021

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“…12; the results (Table 4) show that the models can be ordered: pseudo-second-order > Bangham > pseudo-first-order > Elovich > intra-particle for goodness of fit to data acquired within this study, indicating chemical control of the process. (18) q t = k id t 0.5 + q e (19)…”

Section: Adsorption Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such a class of materials is those with lingo-cellulosic character and agricultural by-products have seen increased attention for such applications [13][14][15][16]. It has been shown that chemical modification, including incorporation of surface moieties and chemical coupling, can improve sorbent behaviour of these materials towards heavy metals [17][18][19][20].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Cd(II) onto Carboxylated Camelthorn Biomass: Applicability of Three-Parameter Isotherm Models, Kinetics, and Mechanism

et al. 2020

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A series of malonic acid treated camelthorn (MATC) sorbents were produced via the reaction of camelthorn biomass with malonic acid, and factors affecting the extent of modification were investigated, including malonic acid concentration, dehydration time and temperature. The optimum sorbent, by carboxylic acid content, was subsequently characterised for surface charge behaviour (pHPZC), surface chemical functionalities (FTIR), morphological structure (SEM), and available surface area. The sorbent was subsequently utilised for adsorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous media, and parameters influencing adsorption at 30 °C, such as sorbent dose, initial solution pH, exposure time, metal concentration, were investigated. Isothermal analyses were performed using eight models, including two and three parameter equations, with appropriateness of fit assessed via non-linear regression analysis. The adsorption data indicated that the Langmuir model gives the most appropriate fit to experimental curves, with the models ordered as Langmuir > Hill > Toth > Sips > Jossens > Khan > Redlich-Peterson > Freundlich. The highest uptake (qmax) of 582.6 mg g−1 was determined at pH 6. The Freundlich constants, KF and n, at 30 °C were found to be 24.94 mg g−1 and 2.33, respectively. The value of n (2.33), being in the range 0–10, indicates that adsorption of Cd(II) ions onto malonic acid treated camelthorn biomass is favourable. Evaluation of a series of kinetic models, allowed elucidation of the adsorption mechanism, as a pseudo-second order model gave the most appropriate fit, indicating that chemisorption processes are involved. Cd(II) ions adsorption onto MATC is enhanced by a higher level of active surface sites but was show to be independent of surface area. The work presented here indicates that this sorbent offers effective adsorption potential for Cd(II) ions from water, with potential in wastewater processing.

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Cellulose‐based Conductive Materials for Bioelectronics

Saleh,

El‐Sayed,

El‐Sakhawy

et al. 2024

ChemSusChem

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The growing demand for electronic devices has led to excessive stress on Earth's resources, necessitating effective waste management and the search for renewable materials with minimal environmental impact. Bioelectronics, designed to interface with the human body, have traditionally been made from inorganic materials, such as metals, which, while having suitable electrical conductivity, differ significantly in chemical and mechanical properties from biological tissues. This can cause issues such as unreliable signal collection and inflammatory responses. Recently, natural biopolymers such as cellulose, chitosan, and silk have been explored for flexible devices, given their chemical uniqueness, shape flexibility, ease of processing, mechanical strength, and biodegradability. Cellulose is the most abundant natural biopolymer, has been widely used across industries, and can be transformed into electronically conductive carbon materials. This review focuses on the advancements in cellulose‐based conductive materials for bioelectronics, detailing their chemical properties, methods to enhance conductivity, and forms used in bioelectronic applications. It highlights the compatibility of cellulose with biological tissues, emphasizing its potential in developing wearable sensors, supercapacitors, and other healthcare‐related devices. The review also addresses current challenges in this field and suggests future research directions to overcome these obstacles and fully realize the potential of cellulose‐based bioelectronics.

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Synthesis and structure of carboxymethylcellulose with a high degree of substitution derived from waste disposable paper cups

Cited by 35 publications

References 45 publications

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Highly Efficient Adsorption of Cd(II) onto Carboxylated Camelthorn Biomass: Applicability of Three-Parameter Isotherm Models, Kinetics, and Mechanism

Cellulose‐based Conductive Materials for Bioelectronics

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