Synthesis of Isopropyl Palmitate by Lipase Immobilized on a Magnetized Polymer Matrix

Abstract

Penicillium camemberti lipase immobilized on a magnetized poly(styrene‐co‐divinylbenzene) was used as a biocatalyst for isopropyl palmitate synthesis. The reaction conditions were determined by 22 factorial central composite design. A mathematical model based on a simplified kinetic approach was developed to describe the system and validated with the experimental data. An assay carried out in a stirred‐tank reactor confirmed the proposed model. The ester was purified and the properties such as density and water content were similar to those found in commercially available isopropyl palmitate.

Solvent-free esterifications mediated by immobilized lipases: a review from thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives

“…Flavor esters have also been successfully synthesized (conversions close to 90% or higher) in SFS esterification using different immobilized lipases -pentyl valerate (68), methyl and ethyl butyrate (69), propyl benzoate (70), and n-butyl acetate (71). Mid and long-chain esters, useful as emollients, surfactants, or plasticizers, were also obtained in SFS with high conversions, as showed by Silva et al (2020Silva et al ( , 2021 (72,73) in the synthesis of 2-ethylhexyl oleate and isopropyl palmitate, Musa et al (2019) in the syntheses of different butyl esters (74), and Lee et al (2019) in the synthesis of diisononyl adipate (75).…”

Esters in the Food and Cosmetic Industries: An Overview of the Reactors Used in Their Biocatalytic Synthesis

“…To incorporate a greater number of studies, the search parameters were adjusted by removing the term “cosmetic”, resulting in 62 papers, of which 43 studies met the established criteria (tank reactors with a volume superior than 50 mL and cosmetic applications). Table 5 [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ] compiles these papers. The esters synthesized fall into these categories: emollient esters [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 71 , ...…”

“…Table 5 [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 84 , 85 , 86 , 87 , 88 , 89 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 94 , 95 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 100 , 101 , 102 ] compiles these papers. The esters synthesized fall into these categories: emollient esters [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 65 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 73 , 74 , 79 , 80 ,…”

“…According to Table 5 , among 43 papers reviewed, 36 report the use of commercial lipases from different companies: Novozymes [ 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 70 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 , 82 , 88 , 90 , 91 , 92 , 93 , 96 , 97 , 98 , 99 , 101 ], Fermenta Biotech Ltd. (Thane, India) [ 71 , 81 , 83 , 84 , 86 , 89 , 95 ], and Purolite (King of Prussia, PA, USA) [ 80 ]. In five articles, researchers describe the use of an in-lab immobilized lipase [ 61 , 69 , 85 , 94 , 100 , 102 ], and only two studies involve microbial cells with lipase activity [ 67 , 87 ]. It is evident that commercial immobilized enzymes come with a high cost.…”

Microwave-Assisted Enzymatic Esterification Production of Emollient Esters

“…Isopropyl myristate (IPM) and isopropyl palmitate (IPP) are among the fatty acid esters that are in great demand in food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals as thickeners or lubricants. IPM and IPP are dry, gentle, and nongreasy emollients that are used as excellent solvents for mineral oils, silicones, and lanolin. , Due to their good absorption characteristics, IPM and IPP are also widely used in cosmetics as oil components, which require excellent distribution properties and good absorption through the skin. − IPM and IPP can be produced from palm kernel oil-based myristic acid and palm oil-based palmitic acid, respectively, by esterification reaction with isopropyl alcohol (IPA) using an acid catalyst, such as p -toluene sulfonic acid ( p -TSA) or sulfuric acid. − Even though homogeneous acid catalysts have high catalytic activity, there are some disadvantages, such as unwanted byproducts due to side reactions, equipment corrosion, and environmental pollution . Heterogeneous acid catalysts are proposed to overcome the problems caused by the use of these homogeneous catalysts.…”