“…As displayed in Fig. 5a, for single-component WO 3 , there are five obvious reduction peaks concentrated at 518, 603, 750, 825 and > 900 °C, respectively, referring to the gradually reduction of surface oxygen, subsurface oxygen and lattice oxygen (including the process of WO 3+δ → WO 3 → WO 3-x → W) [17,18]. As to single-component Fe 2 O 3 , there are also five reduction peaks at 404, 590, 683, 730 and > 900 °C, respectively, which were attributed to the stepwise reduction of surface oxygen, subsurface oxygen and lattice oxygen, respectively (including Fe 2 O 3+δ → Fe 2 O 3 → Fe 3 O 4 → FeO → Fe) [42].…”