Synthesis of polymeric additives based on itaconic acid and their evaluation as pour point depressants for lube oil in relation to rheological flow properties

Studies of synthesized nonionic gemini based on sulfonamide moiety as flow enhancing additive of waxy crude oil

“…For the investigation of microscopic crystal morphology the saturated hydrocarbon has been isolated from crude oil [24]. Figure 9 indicates the effects of untreated/treated saturated hydrocarbon crude oil with NGS, CA and mixed NGS, CA by various ratios below 0 o C. It was observed that WCs exhibit a flocculent structure in the control test as seen in Figure 9a, which can form a threedimensional network, grow wax lattice and trap liquid hydrocarbon molecules until the oil cannot flow.…”

Synthesis and evaluation of alkyl acrylate-vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride terpolymers as cold flow improvers for diesel fuel

“…Photo analysis is a very effective and intuitive way to study the influence of pour point depressant on the crystallization behavior of the wax crystals [24,25]. The photomicrographs showing wax crystallization behavior of the diesel fuel samples untreated and treated with the synthesized additives were recorded using an optical microscope WDKTL-200S-OP.…”

Well-Defined Alkyl Functional Poly(Styrene-co-Maleic Anhydride) Architectures as Pour Point and Viscosity Modifiers for Lubricating Oil

“…Copolymers with linear or comb-like structures have been largely investigated and proven efficient as wax precipitation inhibitors. 8,9 Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA), [10][11][12][13] poly(ethylene-co-butene), [14][15][16] poly(α-olefins), 17 poly(alkylacrylates), 18,19 poly(alkylmethacrylates), 20,21 and copolymers of maleic anhydride with styrene, α-olefins or vinylic esters, 3,4,22,23 are among the most efficient commercially available PPDs. Despite many investigations and extensive literature, the basic mechanism of the pour point (PPT) phenomenon and how polymeric additives affect the pour point are currently not fully understood.…”