Synthesis of polymers and modification of polymeric materials in electromagnetic fields

Abstract

Data on the effect of electromagnetic fields on polymerization processes are analyzed and integrated. The results of investigation of the response of polymeric systems including polymerization mixtures, polymer solutions, melts and gels to external electromagnetic fields are discussed. Mechanisms of changes in the kinetic parameters of cationic polymerization of certain monomers are considered. They are based on ideas of spatial redistribution of growing macroions and counterions depending on the degree of dissociation of the active sites, which can lead to an increase in the polymerization rate, stabilize it or slow down the process. It is shown that these mechanisms are universal for other ionic systems. Almost all types of polymerization processes are discussed to reveal potential fields of their application in additive manufacturing technologies. High demand for further studies of the effect of electromagnetic fields on polymeric objects is pointed out in connection with the need to solve problems in the design of novel materials and functional structures. The bibliography includes 214 references.

Research progress and perspectives in field‐induced imprinted polymers

“…Hence, M-FIIPs could have a more uniform and orderly structure, higher recognition performance, uniform imprinting sites and faster imprinting efficiency. 18,21 Hu et al 22 prepared Ochratoxin A molecularly imprinted ratiometric electrochemical sensors (OTA-MIP-RECSs) with Ochratoxin A (OTA) as a template molecule, a gold nanoparticles, ploy(ionic liquid) and flavin mononucleotide decorated carbon nanotubes-MoS 2 nanosheets composite (Au-NPs/PIL-FMNS/CNT-MoS 2 ) as working electrode. Figure 3A shows the schematic diagram of the modification process of the working electrode and the preparation of OTA-MIP-RECSs under a magnetic field.…”

Action of Mechanical Forces on Polymerization and Polymers

“…These include papers in the book edited by Rudi van Eldik and Colin D.Hubbard [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and paragraphs in the reviews [ 10 , 11 ]. There is important information given in the review by Ponomarenko et al [ 15 ] on methods for making fibers by essentially mechanochemical methods, such as electro- and magnetospinning, respectively, in electric and magnetic fields, although in the latter case there was no mention of mechanochemistry. The monographs by Balaz [ 16 ] and review by Caruso et al [ 17 ] are also devoted to the consideration of mechanochemistry issues.…”

“…However, the high mobility of these phases creates problems: it is difficult to maintain tightness of the reactors, isolate reaction products, and store waste. In this regard, chemical processes involving solids have advantages and mechanical action on solids in many cases is a convenient way to ensure the mobility of solid body elements at the time of transformation and to store the energy necessary for chemical transformations [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. The use of mechanochemistry is also important for solving environmental problems, being based on the use of various types of mechanochemical effects.…”

Radiation-Induced Transient Currents in Films of Poly(arylene ether ketone) Including Phthalide Moiety

“…Intensive researches on the use of polymers as microelectronics elements are under way [1,2]. Thin films of polydiphenylterephthalide (PDP) are known to exhibit reversible electroresistive state switching (ERSS) called switching effect [1,3].…”