Synthetic cannabinoid presentations decline following ban

Christie, Grant; MacFarlane, Vicki

doi:10.1111/dar.12352

Cited by 4 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…laws has been inconsistent. Clinicians in New Zealand noted a decrease in patient visits for treatment of synthetic cannabinoid withdrawal following their outlaw (12). Therefore, informing patients about their illegality may be one approach to decreasing usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in a Transitional Housing Shelter: A Survey to Characterize Awareness of Risks and Reasons for Use

Barnett

Owusu

2016

AJP Residents' Journal

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in a Transitional Housing Shelter: A Survey to Characterize Awareness of Risks and Reasons for Use

Barnett

Owusu

2016

AJP Residents' Journal

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“…This section summarises data from quantitative policy evaluation studies by country. Seven of these studies were conducted in the UK, 7,186,592,818,839,1004,1012 five were conducted in the USA, 590,613,628,776,1012 two were conducted in New Zealand 162,976 and one each was conducted in Australia, 119 Finland 950 and the Republic of Ireland. 978 The study characteristics including country, intervention/response, study setting, publication type, NPS type and study design are summarised in Table 6.…”

Section: Responses To Novel Psychoactive Substance Use and Problems/hmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Novel Psychoactive Substances in the UK Project: empirical and conceptual review work to produce research recommendations

et al. 2017

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BackgroundAlthough illegal drug use has largely been declining in the UK over the past decade, this period has witnessed the emergence of a range of novel psychoactive substances (NPS) (‘legal highs’). These are new, mostly synthetic, substances that mimic the effects of existing drugs). Despite there being many causes for concern in relation to NPS, there has been little prior study of the burden associated with their use in public health terms. Clarity is lacking on research priorities in this rapidly developing literature.ObjectivesTo inform the development of public health intervention research on NPS by reviewing existing data on their use, associated problems and potential responses to such problems.DesignA scoping review and narrative synthesis of selected bodies of evidence was undertaken to summarise and evaluate what is known about NPS use and the related harms of, and responses to, such use. Relevant literature was identified from electronic databases (covering January 2006 to June 2016 inclusive), Google (Google Inc., Mountain View, CA, USA), relevant websites and online drug forums and by contacting experts. Articles were included if they were primary studies, secondary studies involving the analysis and interpretation of primary research or discussion papers. A conceptual framework postulating an evidence-informed public health approach to NPS use in the UK was developed through a pragmatic literature review, the iterative development of concepts and finalisation in light of the results from the empirical review work. The process also involved feedback from various stakeholders. Research recommendations were developed from both strands of work.ResultsA total of 995 articles were included in the scoping review, the majority of which related to individual-level health-related adverse effects attributable to NPS use. The prevalence of lifetime NPS use varied widely between (e.g. with higher prevalence in young males) and within population subgroups. The most commonly reported adverse effects were psychiatric/other neurological, cardiovascular, renal and gastrointestinal manifestations, and there is limited evidence available on responses. In these and other respects, available evidence is at an early stage of development. Initial evidence challenges the view that NPS should be treated differently from other illicit drugs. The conceptual framework indicated that much of the evidence that would be useful to inform public health responses does not yet exist. We propose a systems-based prevention approach that develops existing responses, is multilevel and life course informed in character, and emphasises commonalities between NPS and other legal and illegal drug use. We make 20 recommendations for research, including nine key recommendations.LimitationsScoping reviews do not interrogate evidence in depth, and the disjunction between the scoping review and the conceptual framework findings is worthy of careful attention.ConclusionsKey research recommendations build on those that have previously been made and offer more evidence-based justification and detail, as previous recommendations have not yet been acted on. The case for decision-making on commissioning new research based on these recommendations is both strong and urgent.Future workThe validity of recommendations generated through this project could be enhanced via further work with research commissioners, policy-makers, researchers and the public.Study registrationThe systematic review element of this study is registered as PROSPERO CRD42016026415.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Public Health Research programme.

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Old and new synthetic cannabinoids: lessons from animal models

Zanda

Fattore

2018

Drug Metabolism Reviews

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Synthetic cannabinoids have long been studied for their therapeutic potentials. However, during the last decade, new generations of synthetic cannabinoid agonists appeared on the drug market. These new psychoactive substances are currently sold as 'marijuana-like' products as they claim to mimic the effects of the psychoactive component of cannabis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Yet, their effects are more intense and potent than THC, typically last longer and are often associated to serious psychiatric consequences. Animal models of drug addiction are frequently used in preclinical research to assess the abuse potential of new compounds, evaluate drug positive reinforcing effects and analyze drug-induced behaviors. Some of these protocols have been used recently to study the newly synthesized cannabinoid agonists and have started elucidating their pharmacology and actions in the brain. The aim of this review is to summarize the major findings reported by animal studies that tested synthetic cannabinoids of first, second, and third generation by using self-administration and reinstatement models, drug discrimination and conditioned place preference procedures. Altogether, behavioral studies clearly indicate that synthetic cannabinoids possess abuse liability, are likely to activate the brain reward circuit and induce positive subjective and reinforcing effects.

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Synthetic cannabinoid presentations decline following ban

Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in a Transitional Housing Shelter: A Survey to Characterize Awareness of Risks and Reasons for Use

Synthetic Cannabinoid Use in a Transitional Housing Shelter: A Survey to Characterize Awareness of Risks and Reasons for Use

The Novel Psychoactive Substances in the UK Project: empirical and conceptual review work to produce research recommendations

Old and new synthetic cannabinoids: lessons from animal models

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