System of Systems Architecture: The Case of Space Situational Awareness

Shah, Nirav B.; Richards, Mark; Broniatowski, David A.; Laracy, Joseph R.; Springmann, Philip N.; Hastings, Daniel E.

doi:10.2514/6.2007-9926

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(7 reference statements)

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“…Game-theoretic studies of SSA have demonstrated that these sharing schemes benefit all stakeholders [49]. Intuitively this makes sense, the US gains little by concealing SSA data from Russian military operators and causing a collision which threatens both countries.…”

Section: B Ssa Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cyber-ASAT: On the Impact of Cyber Weapons in Outer Space

Pavur

Martinovic

2019

2019 11th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)

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Satellites have revolutionized military strategy and the dynamics of national power. However, satellites themselves are fragile and can be destroyed by even miniscule projectiles. Anti-Satellite Weapons (ASATs) which exploit this weakness have long been prophesied as the Achilles' heel of space power. Yet, orbit has remained relatively peaceful for more than sixty years.As the threat of cyber-attacks against space assets looms, the impact cyber-space will have on stability in outer-space is not well understood. This paper presents a strategic analysis of the impact of cyber-weapons on three key stabilizing factors which have thus far contributed to peace in space. Based on this analysis, it contends that Cyber-ASATs threaten the foundations of space's longstanding stability due to their high-accessibility, low attributability, and low risk of collateral damage.This conjecture is tested experimentally though the development of a simulated Cyber-ASAT capability targeting one small component of satellite operations -Space Situational Awareness data. By leveraging orbital simulations and genetic algorithms, we demonstrate the ability to artificially alter debris collision forecasts and cause direct harm to critical space systems without firing a single rocket. The attack method is tested in realistic simulations and shown to have a high success rate against realworld satellites of vital strategic importance.Our interdisciplinary approach unifies strategic analysis with technical experimentation to present the case that Cyber-ASATs are not merely a distant theoretical threat, but a real and present danger to the balance of power in space.

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Section: B Ssa Data Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Cyber-ASAT: On the Impact of Cyber Weapons in Outer Space

Pavur

Martinovic

2019

2019 11th International Conference on Cyber Conflict (CyCon)

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“…Game theory has been applied to model the interactions of systems within a space situational awareness network SoS [25] and for an inferred SoS within an artificial world [26]. Interacting systems for dynamic shop floor routing are modeled as games of coordination [27].…”

Section: Modeling and Simulation Of Sosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simulation Approaches for System of Systems: Events-based versus Agent Based Modeling

Baldwin

Sauser

Cloutier

2015

Procedia Computer Science

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In order to understand how we may engineer system of systems (SoS), we will have to rely significantly on our abilities in modeling and simulation. While there are some models of non-specific SoS, few attempts have been made to demonstrate these models with simulation. Simulations of SoS are usually specific cases. Likewise, in the description of a SoS, most of the approaches have focused on their characterization, yet this characterization has not been greatly utilized as an underlying feature in the modeling and simulation of SoS. We review different modeling techniques and use two converse techniques, i.e. agentbased and event-based modeling, to run a simulation of hypothetical systems collaborating into a SoS. The results of the empirical comparison indicate an agent-based modeling approach would achieve a characterization model better with validation achieved through an event-based approach.

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“…Research in this area tends to follow one of two major directions. The first seeks advancements and innovations in estimation techniques, measurement types, and resource management and optimization for existing resources, which essentially consist of a ground-based network of optical and radar sensors [1][2][3]. Despite these advances, such systems still have difficulty meeting SSA goals because they are limited by the time of day, weather, and atmospheric interference.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Periodic Orbits in the Elliptical Relative Motion Problem with Space Surveillance Applications

Biria

Russell

2015

Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics

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Periodic orbits with respect to an object in an eccentric Keplerian reference orbit can be found in a variety of ways, including the use of Tschauner-Hempel equations and orbital element differences, which both admit linearized solutions, as well as through direct analyses of two orbits. An alternative parameterization of the last approach is proposed in the current study, using an inertial frame and simple geometrical constructs inherent to the relative motion problem. In this manner, an intuitive and straightforward characterization of periodic orbits is established that retains the nonlinear dynamics. The resulting multidimensional space that defines the periodic orbits is surveyed, archiving 336 orbits and their characteristics, and direct comparisons are made with the Tschauner-Hempel equations to assess the linear region of validity. Applications focus on resident space object (RSO) surveillance and circumnavigation orbits. An orbit's effectiveness is analyzed in terms of object coverage using coverage figures of merit, including the concept of "RSO tracks", the analogy of ground tracks on the bodyfixed surface of an RSO. Nomenclature a = semimajor axis, LU C = chief body-fixed frame e = chief eccentricity vector e = chief eccentricity e D = deputy eccentricity H = Hill frame or local-vertical-local-horizontal frame M = number of grid points distributed over the chief's surface N = number of points evaluated along a trajectory n = chief mean motion, rad · TU −1 P = unit vector directed along the chief eccentricity vector P = percentage of chief surface covered by the deputy P = perifocal framê Q =Ŵ ×P B Q A = rotation matrix from the A frame to the B frame B q A = quaternion describing the orientation of the A frame with respect to the B framê R = unit vector directed along the chief position vector R = Earth-centered rotating frame r = inertial position vector, LU r = magnitude of inertial position vector, LÛ S =Ŵ ×R T = orbital period, TU v = inertial velocity vector, LU · TU −1 v = magnitude of inertial velocity vector, LU · TU −1 W = unit vector normal to the plane of motion of the chief orbit, along the angular momentum vector x, y, z = deputy coordinates in the Hill frame, LU α = deputy position in-plane colatitudelike angle relative to the chief, rad β = deputy position out-of-plane longitudelike angle relative to the chief, rad δ = precedes a deputy quantity defined relative to the chief λ = longitude, rad μ = gravitational parameter of primary body, LU 2 · TU −3 ν = chief true anomaly, rad σ = standard deviation, LU ϕ = latitude, rad B ω A = angular velocity of the A frame relative to the B frame, rad · TU −1 B ω A = magnitude of B ω A , rad · TU −1 Subscripts C = quantity associated with the chief D = quantity associated with the deputy ds = inertially dual-axis spin attitude mode NL = quantity computed using the full, nonlinear equations of motion for Keplerian orbits np = inertially nadir-pointing attitude mode ns = inertially nonspinning attitude mode s = angular velocity spin component about t...

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System of Systems Architecture: The Case of Space Situational Awareness

Cited by 10 publications

References 6 publications

The Cyber-ASAT: On the Impact of Cyber Weapons in Outer Space

The Cyber-ASAT: On the Impact of Cyber Weapons in Outer Space

Simulation Approaches for System of Systems: Events-based versus Agent Based Modeling

Periodic Orbits in the Elliptical Relative Motion Problem with Space Surveillance Applications

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