Systematic analysis between inflammation-related index and sex hormones in American adults: cross-sectional research based NHANES 2013-2016

Abstract

BackgroundA series of novel inflammation-related indexes has been confirmed to be efficient indicators of human immune and inflammatory status, with great potential as predictors for a variety of diseases. However, the association between inflammation-related indexes and sex hormones in the general population remained uncertain.MethodsWe incorporated data from the NHANES 2013-2016 survey of American adults. On the basis of distribution and comparison analysis, we chose to undertake separate analyses of men and women (including premenopausal and postmenopausal groups). Multivariable weighted linear regression models, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) models, generalized linear analysis, stratified models, logistic regression models and sensitivity analysis were utilized to assess the relationships between inflammation-related indexes and sex hormones.ResultsTotal 9372 participants out of 20146 were fitted into our research. We conducted separate gender analysis due to different distribution. Multivariable weighted linear regression indicated every component of the inflammation-related index was negatively correlated with at least one component of the male hormone indexes. However, SII, NLR, PPN, and NC were associated positively with female estradiol. XGBoost identify SII, PLR and NLR were the critical indexes on sex hormones. Inflammation-related indexes was associated with Testosterone deficiency in male and postmenstrual group and associated with Excessive Estradiol in premenstrual group. Finally, the subgroup analysis revealed that the association between sex hormones and inflammatory indicators was prominent in American adults over the age of 60 or those with BMI (>28 kg/m2).ConclusionIn all, inflammation-related indexes act as independent risks associated with sex hormone alterations and metabolic disorder in both genders. Using multiple models, we revealed the relative importance of inflammation-related indexes. Subgroup analysis also identified the high-risk population. More prospective and experimental research should be conducted to validate the results.

Increased Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index Was Associated with Type 2 Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Cross-Sectional Study in the Chinese Population

“…5,6,18,21,26 SII is a relatively novel inflammation biomarker based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, which largely reflects three pathways of inflammatory response, thrombus formation and adaptive immune response in the host. [41][42][43] Studies have demonstrated that SII can predict the prognosis and clinical outcomes of certain inflammatory diseases, various atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (eg myocardial infarction, heart failure, stroke, peripheral arterial disease), and other diseases, 16,[42][43][44][45] and may be associated with s metabolic disorder and its components, such as diabetes mellitus, metabolic syndrome, dyslipidemia, central obesity, DR, DKD, diabetic foot infections [16][17][18]37 that are closely associated with low-grade inflammation, [22][23][24] suggesting that SII may be associated with the presence of DPN, and high SII may be an early signal for being at risk for DPN. In the present study, we found that patients in the highest quartile of SII levels had significantly higher prevalence of DPN, percentages of participants with VPT ≥ 25V, and levels of VPT, a widely recommended indicator of the presence and severity of confirmed clinical neuropathy, 26 than those in the lowest quartile.…”

“…It is reported that testosterone deficiency may lead to a more pronounced deficit of neurosteroids and further result in loss of function of neurosteroids's protection and regeneration of peripheral nerves affected by different forms of pathologic alterations, ultimately leading to the development and development of DPN. 52,57 Studies found that abnormal sex hormone levels may cause alterations in inflammatory state and immune response, 16 and increased risk of testosterone deficiency is associated with the SII in men. 16,56 These results together demonstrated that there might be a positive correlation between SII and testosterone deficiency and DPN, and testosterone deficiency might at least partially mediate the potential relationship between SII and DPN.…”

“…The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), an integrated and novel inflammatory biomarker integrating three different cells, could better and more objectively reflect the state of inflammation and immune balance in the body compared with neutrophil and lymphocyte counts as well as the NLR and PLR, [10][11][12] and has been developed to predict and evaluate the prognosis and clinical outcomes of various malignant tumors types, autoimmune disorders, atherosclerotic cardio-cerebrovascular diseases, and other diseases. 10,11,[13][14][15][16] Moreover, emerging data have also shown that elevated levels of SII were found to be associated with diabetes mellitus, diabetic retinopathy (DR), diabetic kidney disease (DKD), and diabetic foot infections, [17][18][19][20][21] all of which are associated with high burden of inflammation. [22][23][24] Considering the role of chronic inflammation in the pathogenesis of DPN, and that DPN, DR, DKD, and diabetic foot infections share multiple common pathogenetic pathways and risk factors, such as inflammation, thus elevated levels of SII may be associated with the development of DPN.…”

Creating machine learning models that interpretably link systemic inflammatory index, sex steroid hormones, and dietary antioxidants to identify gout using the SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) method

“…According to the method of Wei C et al. ( 10 ), the calculation formula of SII is platelet count multiplied by neutrophil count divided by lymphocyte count. Dietary data were obtained through two dietary recall interviews.…”

“…Common DA includes antioxidant vitamins, antioxidant minerals, lycopene, flavonoids, resveratrol, and anthocyanins ( 9 ). The systemic inflammation index (SII) is calculated by multiplying the platelet count by the neutrophil count divided by the lymphocyte count, which can assess the systemic inflammatory state of the body ( 10 ). The Composite Dietary Antioxidant Index (CDAI) is a highly efficient and accurate nutritional tool for assessing the overall antioxidant properties of a diet and consists of a composite score of six dietary antioxidants ( 11 ).…”