Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic–Related Lifestyle on Myopia

Li, Mijie; Xu, Lingqian; Tan, Chin Wen; Lança, Carla Costa; Foo, Li-Lian; Sabanayagam, Charumathi; Saw, Seang‐Mei

doi:10.1097/apo.0000000000000559

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Additionally, our study was conducted during COVID-19 pandemic and children's activities were limited. Their lifestyles changed dramatically ( 28 , 29 ), such as increased screen time ( 17 ) and decreased time outdoors ( 18 ), and their sleep would also be affected ( 19 ). People's lifestyle is also different from usual in a specific living environment, and children's myopic shifts are changed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between sleep duration and myopia among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Huang

Chen

Lin

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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BackgroundThe studies on the association between sleep duration and myopia are limited, and the evidence is inconsistent. This study aimed to evaluate the association between sleep duration and myopia, cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and axial length (AL) among Chinese children during the Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic.MethodsThe study was a cross-sectional study on Chinese children aged 6–18 years. The comprehensive ophthalmic examinations for children included cycloplegic SE, AL, and standardized questionnaires. The questionnaire included sleep duration, parental myopia, outdoor time, and continuous near work duration without breaks. Myopia was defined as SE ≤-0.50 diopters (D).ResultsA total of 1,140 children were included in the analyses, with 84.7% of myopic children and 74.4% of children's daily sleep duration being more than 8 h/d. In univariate regression analysis, compared with sleep duration < 8 h/d, children with sleep duration of 8–9 and >9 h/d were less myopia (p < 0.01 for all), and had less myopic SE (p < 0.01 for all), and shorter AL (p < 0.01 for all). After adjusting for age, gender, parental myopia, outdoor time, and continuous near work duration without breaks, sleep duration was not associated with myopia, cycloplegic SE, and AL (p > 0.05 for all).ConclusionsThis study showed sleep duration was related to myopia, cycloplegic SE, and AL among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic-related lifestyles, but no independent association.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between sleep duration and myopia among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Huang

Chen

Lin

et al. 2023

Front. Public Health

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“…Although, it must be noted that restrictions in Sweden were few with no complete lockdowns compared, for example, with countries like China that have been included in a recent systematic review and meta-analysis. The review points to a detrimental effect of the pandemic with faster than normal development of myopia 13 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Having this information is relevant to understand the prevalence of myopia in Sweden and in Scandinavia and to generate new ideas to tackle the high incidence of myopia in other parts of the globe. In addition, there are only a few studies that were able to follow children during the COVID-19 pandemic 13 . During this period many societies implemented lockdowns which can be considered a risk for myopia progression.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Demir

Baskaran

Ramos

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Purpose The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the incidence of myopia, incidence of myopic shift and associated risk factors in Swedish schoolchildren. Methods A longitudinal study was conducted between Jan-2019 and June-2021. Participants were Swedish schoolchildren aged 8-16 years. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction (SER) equal to or less than -0.50D. Myopic shift was defined as a minimum change in SER of -0.50D between measurements. The cumulative incidence and incidence rate was computed, Cox proportional hazards regression model and linear mixed models were used to modulate myopic shift and changes in SER. Results The study enrolled 128 participants, 86% Caucasian, 5.8% dropped-out during follow-up. The baseline prevalence of myopia was 10.0%, hyperopia was 48.0%, and emmetropia was 42.0%. The cumulative incidence of myopia during the two-years was 5.5%, incidence rate of myopia was 3.2 cases per 100 person-years. The cumulative incidence of myopic shift during the two-years was 21.0%, incidence rate of myopic shift was 12.4 cases per 100 person-years. Cox regression revealed that the probability of myopic shift reduced with age and increased with axial length/corneal-curvature ratio. Myopic children at the baseline and children with two myopic parents showed a significant faster-paced SER change over time. Conclusions In the current study the incidence of myopia and myopic shift was low when compared with countries in East Asia. Parental myopia remains a critical factor to consider when predicting myopia progression. Further studies involving children from different ethnicities and incorporating longer follow-up period would further our understanding of the incidence of myopia in Swedish schoolchildren.

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“…Intense near work, overuse of electronic equipment, and limited outdoor activities have already caused myopic shifts in students. 3 Moreover, it has been demonstrated that children with an earlier onset of myopia and longer duration of myopia progression are prone to developing high myopia later in life. 4 Not only is high myopia a severe type of myopia, but it also increases the risk of vision-threatened complications such as myopic macular degeneration, cataract, retinal detachment, and glaucoma.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and Characteristics of Myopia in Adult Rhesus Macaques in Southwest China

Lin

Zhao

2023

Trans. Vis. Sci. Tech.

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Purpose To investigate the prevalence of myopia in a large cohort of adult rhesus macaques at Yunnan Province in southwest China and describe the characteristics of myopic rhesus macaque eyes. Methods A total of 219 rhesus macaques 14.07 ± 2.72 years old (range, 8–21) were randomly recruited for this study. We performed fundus photography and measurements of cycloplegic refractive error (RE) and axial length (AL) on macaques. Results A total of 429 eyes of 219 macaques were examined. The median RE was −1.25 diopters (D), and the median AL was 18.69 mm. The prevalence of myopia was 62.47%, and one-third of the myopic eyes were highly myopic. The presence of fundus tessellations was higher in myopic eyes than non-myopic eyes (42.54% vs. 6.21%). The cutoff value for the presence of tessellations was −3.52 D for RE and 19.38 mm for AL. In myopic eyes, there were significant differences between grade 1 and grade 3 fundus tessellations on RE (−5.57 ± 2.97 D vs. −8.13 ± 3.51 D) and AL (19.66 ± 0.55 mm vs. 20.60 ± 1.06 mm). Beta-peripapillary atrophy (β-PPA) was found in 48.10% of myopic eyes and 6.83% of non-myopic eyes. The presence of β-PPA is associated with the presence of fundus tessellations, AL, and RE. The presence of β-PPA was higher in grade 3 than grade 1 fundus tessellations (94.4% vs. 76%). Conclusions More than half of adult rhesus macaques in southwest China are myopic, and one-third of the myopic ones are highly myopic. Similar to humans, tessellated fundi and β-PPA are the characteristic signs of myopic rhesus macaques. Adult rhesus macaques are optimal animal models for research on the pathogenesis of myopia. Translational Relevance This study not only provides a reference for the refractive state and AL in myopic rhesus macaques but also indicates that adult rhesus macaques with spontaneous myopia are optimal animal models for research on the pathogenesis of myopia.

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Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic–Related Lifestyle on Myopia

Cited by 29 publications

References 87 publications

Association between sleep duration and myopia among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Association between sleep duration and myopia among Chinese children during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study

Myopia is not a global epidemic: - what can we learn from a longitudinal study conducted in Sweden?

Prevalence and Characteristics of Myopia in Adult Rhesus Macaques in Southwest China

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