Systematic review of the different aspects of primary snoring

Meyer, Micheline M D De; Jacquet, Wolfgang; Vanderveken, Olivier M.; Marks, Luc

doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2019.03.001

Cited by 37 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Simple snoring (SS) not accompanied by daytime sleepiness and fatigue or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is called primary snoring [1]. Simple snoring is also known as non-apneic snoring [2]. The risk factors for snoring include nasal congestion, obstruction/inflammation of the upper airways, increased body mass index (BMI), male gender, or intake of alcohol, drug, or tobacco [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Sleep Bruxism: A Polysomnographic Study

Michałek-Zrąbkowska

Więckiewicz

Macek

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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Simple snoring is defined as the production of sound in the upper aerodigestive tract during sleep, not accompanied by other pathologies. Sleep bruxism (SB) refers to repetitive phasic, tonic, or mixed masticatory muscle activity during sleep. In this study, we investigated the relationship between simple snoring and SB in patients without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). A total of 565 snoring subjects underwent polysomnography. After examination, individuals with OSA were excluded from the study group. Finally, 129 individuals were analyzed. The bruxism episode index was positively correlated with maximum snore intensity. Phasic bruxism was positively correlated with snore intensity in all sleep positions. Bruxers had a significantly decreased average and minimum heart rate compared with non-bruxers. Supine sleep position seemed to have a significant impact on snore intensity and SB. In summary, our study showed the relationship between SB, snore intensity, and body position. Phasic bruxism was positively correlated with snore intensity despite the body position, which is an interesting and novel finding.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Sleep Bruxism: A Polysomnographic Study

Michałek-Zrąbkowska

Więckiewicz

Macek

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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“…Only one study by Jayan et al [31] reported measuring the therapeutic effect on patients with primary or nonapneic snoring. However, the baseline AHI in that study was high (AHI 5) and did not conform to the regularly used AHI < 5 criterion for PS definition, and the evidence with respect to the effect on snoring was considered to be only fair [3].…”

Section: Critical Appreciation Scalementioning

confidence: 84%

“…It affects approximately 40% of the population, wherein the majority are middle-aged males [2], and is characterized by audible vibrations of the upper airway when breathing during sleep. The corresponding apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) should be < 5 events per hour [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of mandibular advancement devices for the treatment of primary snoring with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): A systematic review

Meyer

Vanderveken

Weerdt³

et al. 2021

Sleep Medicine Reviews

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“…However, the prevalence of genotype 3 HCV infection is low in Chinese populations 11,35 . Lastly, although several potential confounders were adjusted in the models, because the current investigation was an observational study, the present results may have been affected by additional independent NAFLD risk factors and snoring risk factors that could not be incorporated into the analysis owing to unavailability, such as myopenia measured via body composition, genetic susceptibility genes, neck circumference, or cranio-facial differences; in addition, anatomical aspects such as single or multi-level obstruction, muscle tonus, and length of the upper airway may influence the intensity of snoring 1,15,36 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Wang

Gao

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (nAfLD) is associated with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (oSAS), studies on the direct relationship between nAfLD and snoring, an early symptom of oSAS, are limited. We evaluated whether snorers had higher risk of developing nAfLD. the study was performed using data of the Tongmei study (cross-sectional survey, 2,153 adults) and Kailuan study (ongoing prospective cohort, 19,587 adults). In both studies, NAFLD was diagnosed using ultrasound; snoring frequency was determined at baseline and classified as none, occasional (1 or 2 times/week), or habitual (≥3 times/week). Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using logistic and Cox models, respectively. During 10 years' follow-up in Kailuan, 4,576 individuals with new-onset NAFLD were identified at least twice. After adjusting confounders including physical activity, perceived salt intake, body mass index (BMi), and metabolic syndrome (MetS), multivariate-adjusted oRs and HRs for nAfLD comparing habitual snorers to non-snorers were 1.72 (1.25-2.37) and 1.29 (1.16-1.43), respectively. These associations were greater among lean participants (BMi < 24) and similar across other subgroups (sex, age, MetS, hypertension). Snoring was independently and positively associated with higher prevalence and incidence of nAfLD, indicating that habitual snoring is a useful predictor of nAfLD, particularly in lean individuals. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases worldwide 1. NAFLD affects approximately 25% of the global population 2 , with more than 10% of cases occurring in lean people 1. The prevalence of NAFLD ranges from 6.3% to 27.0% in Chinese adults 3 and is increasing at a rate of 0.594% per year 4. The rising prevalence of NAFLD, in conjunction with the pandemic of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS), represent an increasing global public health burden 5. Snoring is a common condition that is easily detected by co-sleepers. In a recent study among 10,139 people living in rural areas of northern China, 47.2% of men and 37.8% of women self-reported snoring 6. Several meta-analyses have revealed that snoring is associated with higher risks of diabetes 7 , gestational diabetes mellitus, pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia 8 , cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality 9,10. Multiple randomized controlled trials have suggested a possible causal relationship between obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and NAFLD 2,11. Snoring is an early symptom of OSAS; 12 however, to our knowledge, few studies have investigated the direct relationships between self-reported snoring and NAFLD. Thus, we conducted the first cross-sectional study and first independent validation cohort study designed to investigate whether individuals who self-reported snoring had a higher prevalence and incidence of NAFLD. Low-to-moderate alcohol intake may have beneficial effects in patients with NAFLD 13,14. Conversely, alcohol increases upper air...

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Systematic review of the different aspects of primary snoring

Cited by 37 publications

References 54 publications

The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Sleep Bruxism: A Polysomnographic Study

The Relationship between Simple Snoring and Sleep Bruxism: A Polysomnographic Study

Use of mandibular advancement devices for the treatment of primary snoring with or without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA): A systematic review

Self-reported snoring is associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

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