Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option? Reply

Farsalinos, Konstantinos; Barbouni, Anastasia; Niaura, Raymond

doi:10.1007/s11739-020-02457-2

Cited by 112 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Authors suggested possible unique infection mechanisms that might be hindered in smokers, such as an anti-inflammatory mechanism mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in COVID-19 pathology or angiotensin converting enzyme 2 expression in tissues. On both hypotheses, literature is highly conflicting [ 28 , 29 ]. However, evidence so far available does not allow to conclude that smoking would reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 28 , 29 , 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Occupational Exposure in the Lombardy Region (Italy) to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from the MUSTANG–OCCUPATION–COVID-19 Study

Valle

Fabbri

Madotto

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Sero-epidemiological surveys are valuable attempts to estimate the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 in general or selected populations. Within this context, a prospective observational study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in different categories of workers and factors associated with positivity, through the detection of virus-specific immunoglobulin G and M (IgG/IgM) in serum samples. Enrollees were divided in low exposure and medium-high groups on the basis of their work activity. Antibody responders were re-contacted after 3 months for the follow-up. Of 2255 sampled workers, 4.8% tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG/IgM antibodies, with 81.7% to IgG only. Workers who continued to go to their place of work, were healthcare workers, or experienced at least one COVID-19-related symptom were more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 antibodies prevalence was significantly higher in the medium-high risk vs. low-risk group (7.2% vs. 3.0%, p < 0.0001). At 3-month follow-up, 81.3% of subjects still had antibody response. This study provided important information of SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence among workers in northern Italy, where the impact of COVID-19 was particularly intense. The presented surveillance data give a contribution to refine current estimates of the disease burden expected from the SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On both hypotheses, literature is highly conflicting [ 28 , 29 ]. However, evidence so far available does not allow to conclude that smoking would reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 28 , 29 , 30 ]. On the contrary, smoking remains a leading cause of illness and death, and smokers should be encouraged to quit.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational Exposure in the Lombardy Region (Italy) to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from the MUSTANG–OCCUPATION–COVID-19 Study

Valle

Fabbri

Madotto

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…These data encouraged us to make assumptions about what could have constituted a possible initial prophylactic factor in psychiatry settings. Like the conflicting data around tobacco and nicotine [ 26 ], it is necessary to assess whether the increased risk of aggravation in mental health patients once hospitalized for COVID-19 could come from the possible reduction or cessation of all or part of psychotropic medications having a potential effect against SARS-CoV-2.…”

Section: Pharmacochemical Based Hypothesismentioning

confidence: 99%

Antihistamine and cationic amphiphilic drugs, old molecules as new tools against the COVID-19?

Faria

Weiner²,

Petrignet

et al. 2021

Medical Hypotheses

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“…However, some scholars have proposed that ACE 2 upregulation does not necessarily equate to increased susceptibility or disease severity, and nicotine in tobacco may even have a therapeutic effect ( Farsalinos et al, 2020a , b ). Guan et al (2020b) studied 1,099 hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China and found that 16.9, 5.2, and 77.9 the patients with severe COVID-19were current smokers, former smokers, and never smoked respectively.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Which Factors, Smoking, Drinking Alcohol, Betel Quid Chewing, or Underlying Diseases, Are More Likely to Influence the Severity of COVID-19?

et al. 2021

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The global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic occurred in late 2019 and early 2020. The factors that influence disease severity should be of clinical concern. Existing findings on the effects of smoking on COVID-19 are also controversial and need to be confirmed by further research. In addition, the effects of alcohol consumption and betel quid (BQ) chewing on COVID-19 are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the demographic characteristics of COVID-19 patients and the effects of smoking, drinking, BQ chewing, and underlying diseases on the severity of COVID-19. A retrospective study was conducted on 91 patients with confirmed cases of COVID-19 hospitalized in Yueyang, Hunan Province, China from 21 January to 8 March, 2020. Patient demographic data, and information on smoking, drinking and BQ chewing, and underlying diseases were extracted from the patient electronic medical records (EMR) and telephone interviews. The chi-square test was used to conduct a univariate analysis of the factors influencing the severity of COVID-19, and ordinal logistic regression analysis was used to identify the factors related to the severity of COVID-19. The results showed that the rates of smoking, drinking and BQ chewing were 15.4, 26.4, and 7.1%, respectively, there was no significant relationship between these lifestyle factors and the severity of COVID-19 (P > 0.05). However, underlying diseases such as diabetes [odds ratio (OR) = 7.740, 95% confidence interval (CI):1.000–60.740, P = 0.050], source of infection (OR = 0.180, 95% CI: 0.030–0.980, P = 0.049), and employment status (retired/unemployed vs. employed: OR = 29.430, 95% CI, 1.050 – 822.330, P = 0.047) were significant independent predictors of severe COVID-19 infection. These individuals should be informed of methods to increase personal protection, and doctors should prevent these individuals from developing serious diseases. It is important to pay attention to the source of infection and timely medical treatment. This study showed that the clinical classification of COVID-19 was associated with patients with diabetes, source of infection, and retired/unemployed. Therefore in the clinical practice of COVID-19 should be more concern these factors. Although no statistical significance was found in smoking, drinking alcohol, BQ chewing, and severity of COVID-19 patients, more studies have confirmed that are harmful and risk factors for underlying diseases in the population. Health authorities should formulate policies to publicize the harmful effects of smoking, drinking, and betel nut chewing and promote a healthy lifestyle.

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Systematic review of the prevalence of current smoking among hospitalized COVID-19 patients in China: could nicotine be a therapeutic option? Reply

Cited by 112 publications

References 6 publications

Occupational Exposure in the Lombardy Region (Italy) to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from the MUSTANG–OCCUPATION–COVID-19 Study

Occupational Exposure in the Lombardy Region (Italy) to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Results from the MUSTANG–OCCUPATION–COVID-19 Study

Antihistamine and cationic amphiphilic drugs, old molecules as new tools against the COVID-19?

Which Factors, Smoking, Drinking Alcohol, Betel Quid Chewing, or Underlying Diseases, Are More Likely to Influence the Severity of COVID-19?

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