Systematic Review on the Etiology and Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children

Punpanich, Warunee; Groome, Michelle; Muhe, Lulu; Qazi, Shamim; Madhi, Shabir А.

doi:10.1097/inf.0b013e31822d989c

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Despite this, the incidence of pneumonia in the last calendar period (2003-2008) still remains higher in HIV-infected children than in the general population. 6,10 ADP is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV-infected children. 7 In our study, HIV-infected children were at increased risk of developing ADP compared with the general population, even in the HAART era, although the ADP rate decreased during the last calendar period (about 4-fold lower in [2003][2004][2005][2006][2007][2008].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of Pneumonia Incidence Among Children Infected With HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Micheloud¹,

Álvaro-Meca²,

Jensen³

et al. 2012

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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We performed a retrospective study using a cross-sectional design for each year from 1997 to 2008 to evaluate the trend in pneumonia rates among HIV-infected children in the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) era in Spain. We found that rate of pneumonia decreased among HIV-Infected children in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era but still remained higher than in the general population. Non-AIDS-defining pneumonia remains a significant health problem for HIV-infected children.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trend of Pneumonia Incidence Among Children Infected With HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Micheloud¹,

Álvaro-Meca²,

Jensen³

et al. 2012

Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal

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“…Multidrug-resistance was generally high among MRSA isolates and in particular among HIV-infected children. A greater prevalence of community-acquired S. aureus pneumonia was also noted in HIV-positive children compared to their HIV-negative peers [107]. While no clonal typing was reported in these two studies it is notable that ST612-IV (also genotyped as spaCC64 and USA500 by PFGE) was noted as one of the most predominant strains [108, 109].…”

Section: Case Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Case Studies

Sowash

Uhlemann

2013

Methods in Molecular Biology

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Over the past decade, the emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) has changed the landscape of S. aureus infections around the globe. Initially recognized for its ability to cause disease in young and healthy individuals without healthcare exposures as well as for its distinct genotype and phenotype, this original description no longer fully encompasses the diversity of CA-MRSA as it continues to expand its niche. Using four case studies, we highlight a wide range of the clinical presentations and challenges of CA-MRSA. Based on these cases we further explore the globally polygenetic background of CA-MRSA with a special emphasis on generally less characterized populations.

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“…A systematic review of the causes of severe pneumonia in HIV-infected children in both resource-limited and developed countries found limited data, especially after the availability of ART. The available data suggest that PCP and CMV were the most common and second most common causes, respectively, of pneumonia in HIV-infected children; additionally, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was documented in 8% of children with acute pneumonia in South Africa [35]. The limited capacity to diagnose specific infections, such as PCP, CMV, and TB, among children in resource-limited settings means that these are often not differentiated from other common causes of respiratory disease in HIV-uninfected children [36,37].…”

Section: Common Childhood Illnesses Among Children Living With Hivmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the contribution of common childhood illnesses and opportunistic infections to morbidity and mortality in children living with HIV in resource-limited settings

Modi¹,

Chiu²,

Ngeno³

et al. 2013

Aids

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Objective Although antiretroviral treatment (ART) has reduced the incidence of HIV-related opportunistic infections among children living with HIV, access to ART remains limited for children, especially in resource-limited settings. This paper reviews current knowledge on the contribution of opportunistic infections and common childhood illnesses to morbidity and mortality in children living with HIV, highlights interventions known to improve the health of children, and identifies research gaps for further exploration. Design and Methods Literature review of peer-reviewed articles and abstracts combined with expert opinion and operational experience. Results Morbidity and mortality due to opportunistic infections has decreased in both developed and resource-limited countries. However, the burden of HIV-related infections remains high, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, where the majority of HIV-infected children live. Limitations in diagnostic capacity in resource-limited settings have resulted in a relative paucity of data on opportunistic infections in children. Additionally, the reliance on clinical diagnosis means that opportunistic infections are often confused with common childhood illnesses which also contribute to excess morbidity and mortality in these children. Although several preventive interventions have been shown to decrease opportunistic infection-related mortality, implementation of many of these interventions remains inconsistent. Conclusions In order to reduce opportunistic infection-related mortality, early ART must be expanded, training for front-line clinicians must be improved, and additional research is needed to improve screening and diagnostic algorithms.

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Systematic Review on the Etiology and Antibiotic Treatment of Pneumonia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-infected Children

Cited by 25 publications

References 46 publications

Trend of Pneumonia Incidence Among Children Infected With HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Trend of Pneumonia Incidence Among Children Infected With HIV in the Era of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy

Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Case Studies

Understanding the contribution of common childhood illnesses and opportunistic infections to morbidity and mortality in children living with HIV in resource-limited settings

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